胃癌相关微生物组学及关键微生物作用机制研究进展
doi: 10.12287/j.issn.2096-8965.20250207
姜晓文1 , 张婧莹2 , 周彤2 , 李文庆1 , 潘凯枫1 , 张阳2
1. 北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所流行病学研究室,消化系肿瘤整合防治全国重点实验室,北京 100142
2. 北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所流行病学研究室,恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100142
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172555) ; 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7242023) ; 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3600805) ; 北京市医院管理中心临床医学发展专项经费资助项目 (ZLRK202325) ; 北京市医院管理中心“登峰”计划专项经费资助项目 (DFL20241102)
Research progress on gastric cancer-associated microbiome and important microbial mechanisms
Jiang Xiaowen1 , Zhang Jingying2 , Zhou Tong2 , Li Wenqing1 , Pan Kaifeng1 , Zhang Yang2
1. State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142 , China
2. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142 , China
摘要
胃癌是全球重要的健康威胁之一,造成了繁重的疾病负担。胃癌的发病机制复杂,可能受多种环境、遗传和微生物等因素的综合影响。快速发展的微生物组学检测技术提示,包括重要的致癌因子幽门螺杆菌 (H.pylori) 在内的胃黏膜菌群,可能在胃癌发生发展过程中相互影响、共同发挥重要作用。本文综述了近年来胃癌相关微生物组学的研究进展,系统梳理、归纳了胃内菌群在胃癌发生、演进及预后中的关键作用。在此基础上,针对筛选发现的胃癌相关重要微生物,进一步总结了其在胃癌发生发展过程中可能参与的重要作用机制研究结果,旨在为未来微生物相关胃癌病因学的探索和早诊、预防策略研究方面提供科学依据。
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the major threats to global health, imposing a substantial disease burden. Its pathogenesis is complex and likely influenced by the interplay of multiple environmental, genetic and microbial factors. Advances in rapidly evolving microbiome detection technologies suggest that the gastric mucosal microbiota including Helicobacter pylori, a key carcinogenic factor, may interact and play synergistic roles in gastric cancer initiation and progression. This review summarizes recent advances in GC-associated microbiome research, systematically organizing and analyzing the pivotal roles of gastric microbiota in cancer tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. Furthermore, it examines the potential mechanisms by which the key gastric microbes may contribute to carcinogenesis, providing a scientific foundation for future etiological investigations and early diagnosis and prevention targeting microbiome-related GC.
0 前言
胃癌在全球恶性肿瘤发病谱及死因谱均位列第五[1],造成严重的疾病负担。肠型胃癌的发生发展是多因素参与的多阶段过程,从正常胃黏膜依次经历浅表性胃炎 (Superficial Gastritis,SG),慢性萎缩性胃炎 (Chronic Atrophic Gastritis,CAG),肠上皮化生 (Intestinal Metaplasia, IM),异型增生 (Dysplasia,DYS),最终发展为胃癌[2]。幽门螺杆菌 (Helicobacter pyloriH. pylori) 是胃癌发生的一类致癌因子[3],其感染率在全球范围高达 50%,仅有不足 3% 的感染者最终进展为胃癌[4],提示其他影响因素可能共同参与调控胃癌发生过程。微生物与宿主间的稳态,对宿主的健康状况至关重要。而微生物群落稳态失衡,可能引起包括胃癌在内的多种疾病发生,特定微生物在癌前病变到胃恶性肿瘤的致癌过程中可能发挥关键作用[5-6]
H. pylori被发现之前,人们普遍认为强酸性的胃内环境使胃黏膜长期处于无菌状态。但快速发展的现代分子生物学技术,特别是聚合酶链式反应 (Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)、高通量测序技术以及宏基因组学检测方法等,在胃内陆续发现了由 H. pylori 等多种细菌构成的复杂微生物群落,如乳杆菌属 (Lactobacillus)、韦荣氏球菌属 (Veillonella)、梭状芽孢杆菌属 (Clostridium) 等[7]。胃癌及多阶段癌前疾病研究发现,H. pylori感染胃黏膜后主要在疾病发生、发展的早期阶段发挥驱动作用,显著改变胃内环境,可能通过影响其他微生物,进一步促进癌前疾病向胃癌的发展演变[8-10]
胃癌相关胃内微生物组学研究可全面筛选关键微生物,为胃癌的生物致病机制探索提供科学线索。在此基础上,针对筛选发现的胃癌相关关键微生物开展机制研究,则可进一步为阐明胃癌病因和早期诊断及预防策略研究提供重要依据。
1 胃癌相关胃内微生物组学研究
近年开展的多项胃内微生物组学研究发现,强酸性的胃内环境导致微生物载量明显低于肠道和口腔,但胃黏膜和胃液中仍有数百种细菌能够被稳定检测,且微生物群落具有明显的多样性和复杂性[11-12]。目前在胃黏膜中已发现了 800 多种不同水平的细菌,如门水平的变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、弯曲杆菌门 (Campylobacterota)、厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidota)、放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) 和梭杆菌门 (Fusobacteria) 等[13-16]。胃液的微生物多样性通常显著高于黏膜定植的微生物,以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门等为主[17-18]。在健康状态下,胃内菌群和宿主之间存在一种稳定的平衡状态,常在微生物群中可形成生物屏障,通过竞争生态位阻止外来病原体定植。当正常稳态因各种致病因素的干扰被打破,就可能促进炎症反应、腺体损伤、甚至胃癌发生等病理性过程[19]
微生物组学研究通常采用 Alpha多样性指数来表征微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度,采用 Beta 多样性 (为矩阵数据形式,可比较不同群落中各物种的数量和分布差异) 来描述菌群结构。多项研究发现胃癌组织菌群丰富度比癌旁或SG、IM组织显著增加[1520-23]。但也有研究发现,胃癌组织的菌群多样性比癌旁、健康对照或 SG 病变明显降低[1424-27]。不同研究结果的差异可能与H. pylori感染状态、种族、饮食习惯和地理分布等因素对胃内菌群的综合影响有关。此外,多数研究结果均提示,胃癌组织的菌群结构与癌旁或其他阶段胃黏膜病变相比,均具有显著差异[1421-22]
H. pylori是感染阳性病例胃内菌群的主要优势菌,对诱导菌群结构紊乱及促进胃黏膜病变发展可能发挥关键性作用。已有大量研究证实,H. pylori 感染是胃癌及癌前病变发生的重要危险因素。近年来的多项胃内菌群研究表明,H. pylori丰度随胃黏膜病变程度加重 (如 SG、CAG、IM) 逐渐升高,而在进展至胃癌后明显下降,其他细菌成为优势菌,如链球菌属 (Streptococcus)、普雷沃氏菌属 (Prevotella) 等[14-152428-29]H. pylori 丰度在不同胃黏膜病变及胃癌中的阶段性变化,提示其可能与胃内其他微生物发生复杂的相互作用,共同调控胃癌的发生发展。例如,H. pylori在感染的早期阶段可能抑制其他微生物的生长,促进炎症反应、腺体萎缩,改变胃内环境,导致正常菌群结构改变,促进不同阶段癌前疾病的发生。随着病变的进展,胃内环境 (pH 值等) 逐渐不适合 H. pylori 的生长,其他致病性微生物的丰度相应上升,可能进一步推动胃癌的发生发展。H. pylori阴性胃癌的微生物组学研究提示,乳酪杆菌属 (Lacticaseibacillus) 等异常微生物的显著富集,也可能不依赖H. pylori促进胃癌的发生[30]。因此,全面深入探讨驱动胃癌发生的微生物作用机制,对胃癌病因学及防控策略研究至关重要。
目前胃癌相关微生物组学研究多数基于医院来源病例,通过比较配对胃癌和癌旁组织,或比较胃癌和对照病例 (正常对照或癌前疾病某阶段),筛选微生物差异,样本量较少。综合现有研究结果发现,与正常、癌旁或其他胃黏膜病变 (SG、CAG、 IM) 相比,胃癌病例的肿瘤组织或胃液样本中,存在大量异常富集微生物,如属水平的链球菌属、孪生球菌属 (Gemella)、乳杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、消化链球菌属 (Peptostreptococcus)、梭杆菌属 (Fusobacterium)、微单胞菌属 (Parvimonas) 等[14-152031-32]。此外,也有一些微生物在胃癌组织中显著降低,如螺杆菌属 (Helicobacter)、假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas)、金氏杆菌属 (Kingella)、嗜血杆菌属 (Haemophilus) 和弯曲杆菌属 (Campylobacter) 等[3033]。不同研究也发现不一致的结果,例如,韦荣氏球菌属和奈瑟菌属 (Neisseria) 是否在胃癌组织中富集,尚有待于更大样本量的研究证实[141832]。由于胃内细菌载量整体较低,多数胃内微生物组学研究主要基于 16S rRNA 基因扩增子测序技术,能够注释出的菌种数量较少。目前发现在胃癌组织中显著富集的菌种主要包括咽峡炎链球菌 (Streptococcus anginosus)、微小微单胞菌(Parvimonas micra)、星座链球菌 (Streptococcus constellatus)、具核梭杆菌 (Fusobacterium nucleatum)、产黑素普雷沃菌 (Prevotella melaninogenica)、痤疮丙酸杆菌 (Propionibacterium acnes)、小韦荣球菌 (Veillonella parvula)、口腔链球菌 (Streptococcus oralis) 和中间普氏菌 (Prevotella intermedia) 等[1534-37]。在胃癌组织中显著降低的菌种主要包括乳酸乳球菌 (Lactococcus lactis)、短乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus brevis) 等[1520]。仅有极少数研究采用了宏基因组测序技术对胃内菌群进行了检测,其中一项中国研究比较了5例SG和6例胃癌病例的胃冲洗样本,发现奈瑟菌属、凝集杆菌属 (Aggregatibacter) 和口腔链球菌在胃癌病例中显著升高,而能够降解致癌化合物的矢野鞘氨醇菌 (Sphingobium yanoikuyae) 在胃癌病例中显著降低[26]
上述病例对照或横断面研究均提示,胃内微生物紊乱可能与胃癌密切相关,但要证明微生物改变与胃癌发生之间的时序和因果关系,仍需要开展前瞻性验证。一项新加坡的小样本量前瞻性研究[38] 发现,在随访过程中进展为异型增生或早期胃癌的病例中,弧菌属 (Vibrio) 等微生物的丰度在基线样本中就已经显著升高,可能是胃癌发生的危险因素。另外,前瞻性随访研究还提示,异常微生物改变可能与胃癌患者的预后和转归密切相关,具有潜在的临床预测价值。一项胃腺癌预后研究发现[39],奈瑟菌属、普雷沃氏菌属和韦荣氏球菌属等是肠型胃癌和混合型胃癌相关的关键微生物,可能通过促进黏蛋白 13 过表达,调控多条肿瘤相关细胞信号传导通路[40],并与较低的生存率密切相关。另外两项分别在立陶宛和中国人群中开展的随访研究发现,梭杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、小韦荣球菌和口腔链球菌等可能与胃癌患者的总生存期显著相关[36-37]
胃内微生物改变可能通过调节代谢、免疫、神经内分泌等机制参与胃癌的发生发展。既往的微生物组学研究经常利用菌群测序数据,基于功能注释数据库,开展微生物群落潜在相关代谢通路的预测分析。胃癌相关异常微生物改变,常常富集并显著上调多种功能通路,包括能量代谢、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、嘌呤代谢、核苷酸转运和代谢、酮体合成和降解、肽聚糖生物合成、次级胆汁酸合成、膜转运、细胞运动、遗传信息处理、细菌离子通道等[1425293441-42]。此外,胃癌相关微生物还可能显著上调亚硝化功能通路,与硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶功能增强密切相关,通过促进硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,推动胃癌的发生发展[142031]。基于宏基因组测序的研究进一步发现,与 SG 病变相比,胃癌相关微生物对氨基酸和脂质代谢功能调控具有显著差异,主要表现为脂多糖和L-精氨酸生物合成途径的上调,以及短链脂肪酸发酵和支链氨基酸代谢相关途径的下调[26]
2 胃癌相关关键微生物的机制研究
2.1 H. pylori
H. pylori在胃癌的发生过程中可能作为重要的驱动因子,引起急性和慢性炎症,长期、持续性诱导免疫浸润,改变宿主的固有免疫和适应性免疫反应,构建免疫抑制性微环境[43]。在这一慢性过程中,H. pylori 可表达多种毒力因子,例如 VacA、 CagA、HtrA和免疫刺激膜蛋白Hp0305等,促进胃癌的发生。其中,CagA 蛋白可通过扰乱细胞信号通路诱导上皮细胞发生病理性改变[44]。VacA 可通过介导细胞空泡化、调控自噬-炎症-凋亡网络等多重机制,协助 H. pylori 实现免疫逃逸和耐药,维持持续性感染状态[45]。HtrA 能促进 H. pylori 在胃黏膜的定植和黏附,与H. pylori的致病性密切相关[46-47]。Hp0305 具有显著的免疫刺激特性,能够增强 H. pylori 与宿主胃上皮细胞间的相互作用[48] H. pylori感染对宿主上皮细胞恶性转化的影响可能通过多种复杂调控机制,例如诱导异常甲基化和组蛋白修饰[49-50]、促进氧化应激、菌群紊乱等[51]H. pylori 感染可通过表观遗传调控机制 (如 TRPM3 启动子甲基化) 抑制 microRNA-204 表达,激活 NF-κB,促进胃癌发生发展[52-53]。此外, H. pylori 感染还能够上调 ASCL1 和 AQP5,激活 Wnt/β-catenin 通路,诱导胃炎发生[54],并进一步上调TRPC6NanogOct4等基因,促进上皮间质转化,推进胃癌的侵袭和迁移[55-58]。在 H. pylori 的驱动作用基础上,其他胃内关键微生物可能共同参与、影响消化、代谢、内分泌和免疫等多种复杂的致癌过程,激活上皮细胞信号传导通路,调节肿瘤微环境,对胃黏膜病变进展或胃癌的侵袭和转移发挥协同作用。既往研究发现,H. pylori 根除治疗后,罗尔斯通氏菌 (Ralstonia) 和咽峡炎链球菌等可能继续诱导胃黏膜组织的慢性炎症[59]。研究发现与胃癌密切相关的梭杆菌属和咽峡炎链球菌等关键微生物,在胃黏膜病变组织中可能被H. pylori显著抑制,但在胃癌组织中这种抑制作用被明显减弱[60],提示 H. pylori可能与其他关键微生物相互影响,共同参与胃癌的发生发展。图1总结了H. pylori 与关键微生物共同影响胃癌发生的主要机制。
2.2 咽峡炎链球菌
前期多项基于人群的观察性研究均发现,咽峡炎链球菌在胃癌组织中显著富集,并在胃癌患者的粪便样本中明显增加,可能是重要的关键致病菌,参与胃癌的发生[1534-35]。香港中文大学于君教授团队[61] 针对咽峡炎链球菌的致病机制,在小鼠模型中开展了系统性功能分析,发现咽峡炎链球菌能通过其表面蛋白 TMPC 与胃黏膜上皮细胞的膜联蛋白 A2 受体结合,促进细菌定植。在此基础上,咽峡炎链球菌的定植可进一步激活 MAPK 信号通路,促进细胞外信号调节激酶和 c-Jun 氨基末端激酶磷酸化,增强细胞增殖活性。此外,该团队还观察到咽峡炎链球菌感染无菌小鼠,能够显著增加胃黏膜 CCL20和 CCL8等促炎细胞因子水平,并引起急性胃炎、萎缩、化生、异型增生等一系列病变[61]。近期的一项胃癌预后研究发现,咽峡炎链球菌可能抑制 CD8+ T 细胞的分化和浸润,通过调控精氨酸代谢途径,参与肿瘤免疫微环境的重塑,加速肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移,并与胃癌患者较差的临床预后密切相关[62]。上述研究提示咽峡炎链球菌有可能成为除 H. pylori 以外的另一重要生物性胃癌危险因素,并为胃癌的防控提供潜在的生物标志物及干预靶点。但目前仍需要更大样本、多中心人群队列及功能机制研究,进一步完善病因学验证。
1H. pylori与关键微生物共同影响胃癌发生的主要机制
Figure1Main mechanisms by which H. pylori and key microbiota jointly influence gastric carcinogenesis
2.3 具核梭杆菌
胃内微生物群落中,梭杆菌门是主要的菌门之一,其中具核梭杆菌是近年来报道较多的胃肠道疾病相关革兰阴性厌氧细菌。具核梭杆菌不仅与结直肠癌进展和预后密切相关[63],而且多项亚洲人群观察性研究发现,胃癌病例的肿瘤组织或唾液样本中具核梭杆菌丰度显著高于癌旁组织或轻度病变病例,并且与肿瘤突变负荷升高、及肿瘤淋巴结转移和预后等密切相关[64-67]。此外,欧洲人群研究也证实,胃癌组织中具核梭杆菌丰度升高时,患者的生存率显著降低[3668]
关于具核梭杆菌在胃癌发生发展过程中的可能作用机制,已有多项研究开展了体内、体外功能学实验,发现其可能通过促进肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸和侵袭转移等途径影响患者预后[69-71]。例如,Transwell 和细胞划痕等实验提示,具核梭杆菌感染可能通过降低细胞 E-钙黏蛋白 (E-cadherin) 表达,增加神经钙黏蛋白 (N-cadherin) 和波形蛋白 (Vimentin) 表达,调节上皮细胞间连接,最终促进上皮间质恶性转化,并影响肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移[66]。此外,具核梭杆菌还可以促进胃癌组织中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成,增加释放含有 14-3-3ε 蛋白 (与细胞凋亡、应激反应和细胞周期相关) 结构域的细胞外囊泡,通过向造血干细胞递送 14-3-3ε 蛋白,激活 PI3K/Akt (磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B) 信号通路,促进巨核细胞成熟[69]。小鼠模型实验进一步证实,具核梭杆菌感染可诱导胃癌细胞增加外泌体分泌,并通过外泌体携带的 lncRNA HOTTIP,作用于 miR-885-3p/EphB2/PI3K/Akt 轴,从而增强胃癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移能力[70]。具核梭杆菌促进肿瘤细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡还可能增强对奥沙利铂等抗肿瘤药物的耐药性,进一步影响胃癌患者的预后[71]。上述具核梭杆菌促进胃癌细胞增殖、侵袭、转移能力,影响预后的生物学作用提示,其可能作为潜在的微生物标志物及干预靶点,为胃癌的精准治疗和预后监测提供了重要研究方向。
2.4 其他细菌
除了上述两个重要的与胃癌相关关键微生物,还有多项研究陆续发现了其他特定微生物可能直接或间接参与、影响胃癌及胃黏膜病变的发生发展,将为未来的微生物相关致癌机制研究提供重要线索。例如普雷沃氏菌属中的产黑素普雷沃菌在小鼠模型中,能通过激活信号转导及转录激活因子3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3, STAT3) 促进胃黏膜炎症反应发生[72]。同样属于普雷沃氏菌属的中间普氏菌在胃癌组织中显著富集,并可能通过增强 Perilipin 3 蛋白的表达,促进胃癌的恶性转化,与肿瘤低分化、神经周围浸润以及较差的预后生存密切相关[73]。痤疮丙酸杆菌可能通过 TLR4/PI3K/Akt 信号通路,诱导正常巨噬细胞向抗炎 M2型巨噬细胞转化,促进胃癌细胞的生长和增殖[74]。此外,一些微生物可能通过与 H. pylori 协同作用,参与疾病的发生。例如放线菌属 (Actinomyces)和罗斯氏菌属(Rothia)在与H. pylori共培养的条件下,可增强细胞毒性作用及诱导中性粒细胞活化能力。同时,放线菌属可与H. pylori共同激活MAPK信号通路,调控细胞周期[75]
除了致病性微生物,研究发现某些细菌可能作为益生菌抑制胃癌的发生,或与较好的预后相关。例如,在小鼠模型实验中,热灭活的双歧杆菌属 (Bifidobacterium) 可能通过 Akt-p53 途径诱导胃癌细胞凋亡[76]。丁酸梭菌 (Clostridium butyricum) 能够减少白细胞总数和中性粒细胞比例,升高免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞、白蛋白以及总蛋白水平,增加机体免疫力。同时,细菌产生的丁酸盐可能降低肿瘤相关巨噬细胞中免疫抑制性的PD-L1和IL-10水平,抑制肿瘤细胞生长[77-78]。小鼠胃癌模型实验发现,饲喂缓症链球菌 (Streptococcus mitis) 能够抑制 M2 巨噬细胞极化和浸润,改善肿瘤微环境,显著降低胃癌组织增殖细胞核抗原和增殖指数标志物 (Ki-67) 表达水平,通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖活性延长小鼠生存期,具有较好的肿瘤抑制作用[79]
上述关键微生物研究提示,包括H. pylori在内的多种重要微生物对胃癌的发生发展可能发挥非常复杂的调控作用,并为未来的预防、早诊、精准化治疗及预后监测等研究提供线索和方向。胃癌相关关键微生物标志物的开发,以及口腔、粪便等非侵入性微生物标志物检测技术的发展,将能够辅助高风险人群分层筛查和早期诊断,并利用疗效和预后相关靶向微生物指导精准治疗策略。为实现上述目标,胃癌相关微生物研究还需要更多大样本、多中心、前瞻队列验证,以及综合考虑微生物—宿主、微生物—微生物间复杂相互作用的功能机制探索。
3 小结与展望
快速发展的胃癌相关微生物组学研究提示,包括 H. pylori 在内的复杂微生物群落可能相互影响、共同参与胃癌发生的多阶段过程,并对综合治疗效果及预后发挥重要作用。表1系统总结了近年来开展的多项聚焦于胃癌发生多阶段过程中胃内菌群改变的代表性微生物组学研究。多组学整合分析及关键微生物的筛选和机制验证发现,微生物相关的致癌机制可能涉及表观遗传调控、代谢、免疫等多种复杂途径,仍有待于进一步的深入探索。目前现有的胃癌相关微生物研究多数为基于医院来源的病例对照研究,且样本量较少,容易受到菌群个体差异等混杂因素的影响。因此,未来需要开展更多具有代表性、依托社区人群、能够更加全面覆盖胃癌自然演变全阶段的前瞻性队列研究,并利用多时点随访动态观察胃内关键微生物的时间变化趋势及其与病变转归的关系。此外,综合考虑不同关键微生物间相互作用关系,以及微生物与宿主间相互作用关系的复杂机制探索,也是未来胃癌的微生物致癌研究发展的重要方向之一。
1胃癌相关胃内微生物组学研究概览
Table1Summary of gastric microbiome studies in gastric cancer
续表
续表
NAG:非萎缩性胃炎 (Non-Atrophic Gastritis);IM:肠上皮化生 (Intestinal Metaplasia);GC:胃癌 (Gastric Cancer);OTUs:操作分类单元 (Operational Taxonomic Units);CG:慢性胃炎 (Chronic Atrophic Gastritis);SG:浅表性胃炎 (Superficial Gastritis);AG:萎缩性胃炎 (Atrophic Gastritis); AUC:曲线下面积 (Area Under the Curve); MDI:菌群紊乱指数 (Microbial Dysbiosis Index); LPS:脂多糖 (Lipopolysaccharide);SCFA:短链脂肪酸 (Short-Chain Fatty Acids);CAG:慢性萎缩性胃炎 (Chronic Atrophic Gastritis);DYS:异型增生 (Dysplasia);LGIN:低级别上皮内瘤变 (Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia);EGC:早期胃癌 (Early Gastric Cancer);FGPs:胃底腺息肉 (Fundic Gland Polyps);AGC:晚期胃癌 (Advanced Gastric Cancer);qPCR:实时荧光定量 PCR (Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction);RT-PCR:反转录PCR (Reverse Transcription-PCR);MUC13:黏蛋白13(Mucin13)
1H. pylori与关键微生物共同影响胃癌发生的主要机制
Figure1Main mechanisms by which H. pylori and key microbiota jointly influence gastric carcinogenesis
1胃癌相关胃内微生物组学研究概览
Table1Summary of gastric microbiome studies in gastric cancer
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