DOHaD视角下生命早期环境有害因素暴露对成年MASLD的影响
doi: 10.12287/j.issn.2096-8965.20250101
张洪超1,2 , Francisco Javier Cubero3 , 赵刚1,2 , 徐进4 , 刘倩4 , 邵文涛1,2,4 , 顾爱华4
1. 同济大学附属东方医院胆石病中心,上海 200120
2. 同济大学医学院胆石病研究所,上海 200120
3. 马德里康普顿斯大学,马德里 28040
4. 南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏省环境健康风险评估工程研究中心,生殖医学与子代健康全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 211166
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目 (82330104)
Effect of early-life exposure to environmental risk factors on adult MASLD: Insights from DOHaD perspective
Zhang Hongchao1,2 , Francisco Javier Cubero3 , Zhao Gang1,2 , Xu Jin4 , Liu Qian4 , Shao Wentao1,2,4 , Gu Aihua4
1. Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120 , China
2. Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120 , China
3. School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
4. School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu, China
摘要
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病 (MASLD) 是全球最常见的慢性肝病,影响约 30% 的成年人口。越来越多的证据支持肝病的发育起源,生命早期暴露环境化学物可能是成年 MASLD 的一个重要危险因素。生命早期环境化学物暴露可能通过干扰核受体信号、破坏线粒体稳态、诱导表观遗传重编程及肝-肝外器官串扰等机制,对肝发育和代谢功能产生“编程效应”,显著增加成年期 MASLD 风险。此外,父源性暴露可通过跨代表观遗传机制影响子代肝的代谢功能。本文从 DOHaD理论 (即健康与疾病的发育起源) 视角出发,对影响成年肝代谢功能的环境有害因素及潜在机制进行讨论。
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally, affecting approximately 30% of the adult population. Growing evidence supports the developmental origins of liver diseases, with early-life exposure to environmental chemicals emerging as a critical risk factor for MASLD in adulthood. Early-life exposure to environmental chemicals may exert a "programming effect" on hepatic development and metabolic function by disrupting nuclear receptor signaling, impairing mitochondrial homeostasis, inducing epigenetic reprogramming, and mediating liver-extrahepatic organ crosstalk, thereby significantly increasing the risk of MASLD in adulthood. Furthermore, paternal exposure has been shown to affect offspring hepatic metabolism through transgenerational epigenetic mechanisms. From the perspective of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory, this review summarizes environmental risk factors that impair hepatic metabolic function in adulthood and their underlying mechanisms.
0 前言
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病 (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, MASLD) 是一类疾病的总称,代表了从单纯肝脂肪变性、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝炎 (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis,MASH)、肝硬化到肝细胞癌 (Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC) 的一个完整疾病自然史。据估计,MASLD 影响了全球超过四分之一的成年人口[1]。预计到 2030 年,中国 MASLD 病例将达到 3.1 亿,成为全球 MASLD 患病率增幅最大的国家[2]。值得注意的是,儿童和青少年的代谢风险在未来几十年内可能造成全球主要的肝病负担。据统计,2020 年全球儿童和青少年代谢综合征的患病率分别为 2.8% 和 4.8%[3]。基于人群的前瞻性队列研究[4-6] 显示,儿童期代谢综合征 (如高体脂率、超重和肥胖等) 将显著增加成年后罹患 MASLD的风险。因此,关注成年肝病的发育起源,控制 MASLD及其相关代谢风险因素将成为全球减轻肝病负担的主要目标之一。本文从生命早期暴露视角,对影响成年肝功能的环境有害因素及潜在机制进行讨论,重点阐述孕哺/ 围产期 (母源性)、幼/童年期、父源性 (跨代效应) 环境化学物暴露对成年个体肝结构/功能的不良影响,及其诱导 MASLD的作用及潜在机制,致力于寻找高危人群的特异性生物标志物或潜在的干预/治疗靶点。
1 早期肝发育的细胞谱系分化、肝细胞的成熟及功能建立
肝发育起源于终末内胚层的前肠后区,早期信号包括成纤维细胞生长因子和骨形态发生蛋白的调节下萌发出肝芽结构[7]。实质肝细胞和胆管细胞共同起源于肝芽来源的肝母细胞。肝母细胞是一种双潜能祖细胞,具有同时分化为肝细胞和胆管细胞的潜能,而门静脉间充质分泌的转化生长因子β (Transforming Growth Factor-β,TGF-β) 则是决定肝细胞/胆管细胞谱系分化命运的关键调节因子[8]。肝窦内皮细胞来自内胚层具有高分化潜能的血管母细胞[9]。库普弗细胞是肝特异性组织驻留巨噬细胞,起源于胚胎卵黄囊,并依赖粒细胞/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和巨噬细胞集落刺激因子进行自我更新[10]。肝星状细胞表达来自 3 个胚层的标志物,推测其在窦状内皮细胞定植后迁入,并可能参与调节肝细胞、胆管细胞谱系分化以及肝血管发育[7]
在TGF-β信号调节的分化下,肝细胞谱系的进一步成熟在抑瘤素M、糖皮质激素、肝细胞生长因子、Wnt 和 YES 相关蛋白等介导的信号转导的精细调控下完成。在这个过程中,Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号转导与肝不同代谢区的建立有关。肝细胞核因子 4α 的靶基因激活和抑制的平衡受到 Wnt/β-连环蛋白激活转录因子,即淋巴增强子结合因子的调节,以建立各种肝酶 (例如谷氨酰胺合成酶) 的分区特异性表达[11]
2 环境因素诱导成年MASLD的发育起源
在胎儿发育期间获得合格的肝质量、结构和功能所必需的环节包括发育早期细胞谱系的分化、肝细胞的成熟以及不同代谢“功能区”的建立、支持胎肝正常发育的母体环境等。研究[12] 表明,干扰早期肝发育可导致整个生命周期肝生物学的异常。例如,肝发育早期细胞谱系分化过程中,肝母细胞 Notch信号的条件性缺失会导致胆道形态受损。小鼠肝特异性 Hnf4a 基因敲除导致门静脉周围肝细胞相关代谢酶基因 (如磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶 2) 表达的抑制以及中央静脉周围肝细胞相关代谢酶基因,如谷氨酰胺连接酶、鸟氨酸转氨酶基因表达的激活,表明早期发育相关转录因子的精准调控对于成熟肝功能“区室化”的重要性[13]。此外,母体营养不良直接影响胎肝发育,导致成年后肝代谢功能异常[14]。因此,早期肝发育异常对整个生命周期的肝生物学将产生深远的不良影响。值得注意的是,环境因素可能在 MASLD发生发展中发挥更重要的作用。研究[15] 证实,接触各种环境化学物与 MASLD流行密切相关,这种归因于环境化学物暴露的 MASLD 也被称为“毒性物质相关脂肪性肝病”。
著名的“健康与疾病的发育起源 (Develop‐ mental Origins of Health and Disease, DOHaD) ” 理论指出,个体在生命发育早期经历不利因素将会显著增加其成年后罹患慢性疾病的风险[16]。研究[17] 表明,成年个体肝代谢的不良结局可追溯到早期生长发育靶窗期不良环境因素的暴露。在生命早期,特别是孕哺/围产期 (母源性)、幼/童年期、父源性 (跨代效应) 环境化学物的暴露,可能通过不同途径和机制对肝发育和代谢功能产生“编程效应”,造成肝结构/功能的不良影响,从而显著增加成年个体发生MASLD风险。
3 生命早期环境化学物暴露诱导成年 MASLD的途径及机制
3.1 孕哺/围产期 (母源性) 环境化学物暴露与 MASLD
近年来,越来越多的环境化学物被鉴定可经孕哺/围产期 (母源性) 暴露诱导成年MASLD,包括重金属、农药、空气污染物、持久性有机污染物 (内分泌干扰物) 等。
(1) 重金属:妊娠期母体砷暴露可诱导子代成年个体肝脂肪变性和代谢综合征等 MASLD 表型[18]。围产期母体砷暴露可诱导子代成年个体肝纤维化等更严重的MASH表型[19]。此外,妊娠期母体砷暴露显著诱导子代成年个体 HCC 进展[20]。围产期母体铅暴露能够诱导子代成年个体肝某些印记基因的表观遗传学变化,但其与 MASLD表型之间的关联有待进一步阐明[21]
(2) 农药:围产期母体暴露于有机硫代磷酸盐杀虫剂“毒死蜱”可诱导子代成年个体肝细胞色素 P450 酶系活性的异常[22]。细胞色素 P450 酶系是肝最重要的代谢酶,推测其异常可能会增加 MASLD的易感性。
(3) 空气污染物:颗粒物 (Particulate Matter, PM) 是大气环境中最常见的污染物。细颗粒物,又称 PM2.5,是指直径<2.5 μm 的 PM,在引发生物反应中起重要作用。妊娠/围产期母体暴露于 PM2.5 诱导子代成年个体肝脂质蓄积、糖脂代谢异常、胰岛素抵抗、肝氧化损伤及炎症,提示发育期 PM2.5 暴露能够诱导成年 MASLD/MASH[23-24]。此外,妊娠期母体暴露于 PM2.5可能会诱导子代肝的遗传损伤,推测可能会成为子代HCC的起源[25]
(4) 持久性有机污染物 (内分泌干扰物):围产期暴露于双酚 A (Bisphenol A,BPA) 的子代在成年后出现肝脂肪变性等 MASLD表型,并且随着年龄不断进展[26]。同时暴露于高脂饮食会显著加重发育时期 BPA暴露诱导的成年 MASLD表型[27]。此外,围产期暴露于 BPA 的子代个体在老年时出现肝癌前病变/肿瘤的几率更高[28]。妊娠期母体暴露于双酚S可诱导子代成年个体体重增加、血脂异常及肝脂肪变性等 MASLD 表型[29]。三丁基氧化锡 (Tributyltin Oxide,TBT) 是一种有机锡,对肝代谢可能产生严重的不良影响[30]。妊娠期母体暴露于 TBT 导致子代肝代谢功能紊乱和脂质蓄积等 MASLD 表型[31-32]。妊娠期母体暴露于多环芳烃类化合物苯并芘导致子代成年个体肝脂肪变性和炎性浸润等 MASLD 相关病理改变[33]。全氟烷基酸 (Perfluoroalkyl Acid,PFAA) 是一类人工合成的化学物,被广泛用于制造不粘炊具、防污沙发和地毯、防水衣物等。妊娠/围产期母体暴露于两种 PFAA,全氟辛酸 (Perfluoro Caprylic Acid,PFOA) 和全氟辛烷磺酸,均会导致子代成年个体肝脂质蓄积、肝炎症等 MASLD 表型[34]。邻苯二甲酸二 (2-乙基己基) 酯[Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate,DEHP] 是一种常见的邻苯二甲酸酯。妊娠期母体暴露于 DEHP能够诱导子代个体肝代谢异常、脂肪变性等 MASLD 表型[35]。围产期母体暴露于溴化阻燃剂五溴乙苯 (Pentabromoethylbenzene,PBEB) 会导致子代成年个体肝损伤和炎症[36]
孕哺/围产期 (母源性) 环境化学物暴露诱导成年个体 MASLD的潜在机制主要包括干扰核受体信号、破坏线粒体稳态、诱导表观遗传重编程及肝-肝外器官串扰等。
(1) 核受体信号转导:环境内分泌干扰物如多环芳烃、二噁英和多氯联苯等通过结合芳烃受体导致其组成型激活,诱导肝脂肪变性[37-38]。PFAA 可与雌激素受体和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α, PPARα) 之间相互作用[39-40]。然而,在蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏饮食诱导的 MASH 模型中,PPARα 缺失引发了更严重的 MASH 表型[41]。因此, PFAA 诱导 MASLD的肝毒性可能需要更复杂的机制解释。
(2) 线粒体稳态:线粒体能量代谢失调会破坏脂肪酸氧化的平衡,导致肝脂质蓄积、炎症以及胰岛素抵抗,加速 MASLD向 MASH进展[42]。围产期暴露于 BPA 的大鼠成年后肝线粒体呼吸复合物的活性显著降低,导致 MASLD 相关病理改变[26]。高脂饮食的“二次打击”会加剧 BPA 暴露诱导的肝脂肪变性,这可能归因于肝脂肪酸 β-氧化受损[2743]。围产期暴露于 PFOA 的子代成年个体肝出现线粒体的形态结构异常,可能是发育期PFOA暴露致成年MASLD的重要原因[44]
(3) 表观遗传机制:慢性砷暴露可通过诱导肝基因组 DNA甲基化水平降低及 HCC相关基因表达的改变,驱动 MASLD 及 MASLD 相关 HCC 进展[45]。围产期暴露于BPA的子代小鼠肝中观察到关键靶基因信号转导子和转录激活子 3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,Stat3) 甲基化水平的剂量依赖性变化[46]。更重要的是,BPA 暴露水平与STAT3甲基化修饰水平之间的关联在人类胎儿肝组织中得到进一步的验证[46]
(4) 肝-肝外器官串扰:TBT 可能通过激活 PPAR/类视黄醇X受体信号传导以刺激脂肪生成[47]。围产期 TBT 暴露显著增加子代成年个体白色脂肪组织库、脂肪细胞大小以及脂肪细胞数量[32]。围产期 BPA 暴露显著刺激子代成年个体脂肪生成,并调节代谢过程、葡萄糖稳态,以及胰岛素信号传导,导致涉及肝外器官调节途径的功能障碍[48-50]
3.2 幼/童年期环境化学物暴露与MASLD
幼/童年期不良环境因素暴露也可能成为成年肝病的发育起源。童年期尿液草甘膦的暴露水平与成年后肝转氨酶升高和代谢综合征的风险增加相关[51]。童年期血液中铅暴露水平与成年后肝脂肪变性和肝损伤标志物的增加相关[52]。童年期被动接触烟草烟雾与成年后肝脂肪变性的风险增加相关[53]。此外,童年期尿液邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露水平与成年后肝酶水平升高和代谢综合征的风险增加相关[54]。动物研究[55] 表明,小鼠断奶后暴露于水体蓝藻来源的微囊藻毒素 (Microcystin,MC) 导致成年后肝脂肪变性、胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征等MASLD 相关表型。此外,小鼠断奶后暴露于高蔗糖饮食会导致成年后肝脂肪变性、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗等代谢综合征,以及肝损伤和炎症[56-57]
幼/童年期环境化学物暴露诱导成年MASLD的潜在机制可能涉及NOD样受体家族含pyrin结构域3(NOD-Like Receptor Family,Pyrin Domain Containing3,NLRP3) 炎症小体激活、肝能量代谢重编程和内质网应激、肝-脂肪组织的串扰等。儿童期 MC 暴露介导的成年MASLD进展中NLRP3炎症小体显著激活。小鼠 Nlrp3 基因敲除显著逆转了 MC 暴露诱导的 MASLD 表型[55]。儿童期暴露于高蔗糖饮食促进肝脂肪从头合成增加及脂肪酸氧化减少,并伴随内质网应激的激活,可能是诱导成年 MASLD的关键机制[56]。此外,白色脂肪组织功能失调及其介导的游离脂肪酸的异常堆积可能是驱动 MASLD向 MASH进展的关键因素[57]
3.3 父源性 (跨代效应) 环境化学物暴露与MASLD
环境化学物也通过跨代效应诱导子代成年 MASLD。例如,暴露于砷的雄性小鼠子代出现肝能量代谢紊乱和代谢综合征[58]。暴露于 PM2.5的雄性小鼠子代出现肝脂肪变性等 MASLD 表型[59]。暴露于 BPA 的雄性小鼠子代肝出现能量代谢紊乱、脂肪变性、胰岛素抵抗等 MASLD 表型[60]。此外,暴露于全氟烷基和多氟烷基混合物的雄性小鼠子代肝出现潜在的能量代谢紊乱[61]。父源性尼古丁/乙醇/咖啡因混合暴露可诱导子代大鼠肝能量代谢紊乱和脂肪变性等 MASLD 表型[62]。暴露于咖啡因 8 周的雄性大鼠子代肝出现脂质代谢功能障碍和慢性炎症,驱动MASH表型[63]
父源性 (跨代效应) 环境化学物暴露诱导子代个体 MASLD 的机制可能涉及肝-肝外器官串扰、表观遗传修饰及神经-内分泌信号轴异常等。
(1) 肝-肝外器官串扰:父源性砷暴露介导 MASLD 的跨代效应可能涉及子代肠道微生物组改变和白色脂肪组织中脂肪细胞增加。与对照子二代 (The Second Filial Generation,F2) 相比,父源性砷暴露 F2 个体肠道瘤胃球菌科 UncR9050 等 9 个菌属显著上调,而拟杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属和柔膜菌属等显著下调,这些肠道微生物组的变化可能诱导父源性砷暴露 F2 个体能量代谢失衡。在高脂饮食的“二次打击”下,父源性砷暴露 F3 个体白色脂肪组织脂肪细胞的增加可能诱导肝葡萄糖耐量受损、脂质代谢紊乱及肥胖等MASLD表型[58]
(2) 表观遗传修饰:父源性 PM2.5 暴露介导 MASLD的跨代效应主要归因于精子中非编码RNA MMU-miR6909-5P的上调及其介导的肝能量代谢重编程[59]。父源性BPA暴露介导MASLD的跨代效应主要依赖精子对多个关键微小 RNAs (MicroRNAs, miRNAs) 的传递作用,这些 miRNAs 通过瘦素受体 (Leptin receptor,Lepr) 调节胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 2 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2,Igfbp2)、表皮生长因子受体、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶等代谢相关基因的表达驱动 MASLD进展[60]。父源性多氟烷基暴露介导 MASLD 的跨代效应依赖于精子对 DNA 甲基化修饰的传递作用,其通过调节肝脂质代谢相关基因驱动 MASLD 进展[61]。父源性咖啡因暴露介导 MASH 的跨代效应主要归因于亲本精子中 miR-142-3p 启动子高甲基化所介导的 miR-142-3p 表达的抑制,从而通过调节关键靶基因酰基辅酶 A 合成酶长链家族成员 4 (Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4, Acsl4) 的表达诱导子代肝脂质代谢紊乱和慢性炎症等MASH表型[63]
(3) 神经-内分泌信号轴异常:父源性尼古丁/ 乙醇/咖啡因混合暴露介导MASLD的跨代效应主要归因于亲本下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴活动异常所驱动的子代个体糖皮质激素-胰岛素样生长因子 1 (Glucocorticoid-Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1,GC-IGF1)信号传导的抑制,从而通过调节脂质代谢相关基因的表达诱导子代个体肝脂肪变性等 MASLD 表型[62]
4 总结与展望
生命早期环境化学物暴露显著增加成年个体 MASLD 的风险。这些环境化学物主要通过干扰核受体信号、破坏线粒体稳态、诱导表观遗传 (如 DNA甲基化、非编码RNA) 重编程以及介导肝-肝外器官串扰等机制,对肝发育和代谢功能产生“编程效应”,从而诱导成年期MASLD相关病理表现,甚至驱动 MASH 以及 MASLD 相关肝硬化和 HCC 的进展 (见表1)。通过阐明发育期环境化学物暴露在成年个体 MASLD 进展中的作用及潜在机制,将有助于加强孕期及儿童期环境毒物的监测与管控,开发早期暴露相关生物标志物 (如特定基因的表观遗传修饰特征) 以识别高危人群,为寻找有前景的治疗/干预靶点提供新的视角及理论依据。
1生命早期环境化学物暴露诱导成年MASLD的途径及机制
Table1Pathways and mechanisms of MASLD in adulthood induced by early-life exposure to environmental chemicals
续表
1生命早期环境化学物暴露诱导成年MASLD的途径及机制
Table1Pathways and mechanisms of MASLD in adulthood induced by early-life exposure to environmental chemicals
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