en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

柴红霞(1976-),女,甘肃陇西人,副主任医师,主要从事妇科肿瘤的研究。E-mail:chaihxia@163.com

中图分类号:R73,R363.2+1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:2096-8965(2023)03-0073-07

DOI:10.12287/j.issn.2096-8965.20230311

参考文献 1
魏文强,张思维,李敏娟.中国肿瘤登记发展历程[J].中国肿瘤,2021,30(9):641-647.
参考文献 2
STEIN U,DAHLMANN M,WALTHER W.MACC1-more than metastasis?Facts and predictions about a novel gene[J].Journal of Molecular Medicine,2010,88(1):11-18.
参考文献 3
STEIN U,WALTHER W,ARLT F,et al.MACC1,a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling,predicts colon cancer metastasis[J].Nature Medicine,2009,15(1):59-67.
参考文献 4
COLE C,BYRNE A,ADAMS M,et al.Complete characterization of the human immune cell transcriptome using accurate full-length cDNA sequencing[J].Genome Research,2020,30(4):589-601.
参考文献 5
SEMENYUK P I,EFIMOVA A A,LENTIN I I,et al.Interaction of ionenes with lipid membrane:unusual impact of charge density[J].Langmuir,2020,36(48):14717-14727.
参考文献 6
KRUG K,MERTINS P,ZHANG B,et al.A curated resource for phosphosite-specific signature analysis*[S] [J].Molecular & Cellular Proteomics,2019,18(3):576-593.
参考文献 7
JI Z Y,FANG C M,XIE J W,et al.Oncogenic KRAS activates hedgehog signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells*[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2021,282(19):14048-14055.
参考文献 8
STEIN U.MACC1-a novel target for solid cancers[J].Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets,2013,17(9):1039-1052.
参考文献 9
WEI C J,ZHANG Z W,LU J H,et al.MiR-638 regulates gastric cardia adenocarcinoma cell proliferation,apoptosis,migration and invasion by targeting MACC1 [J].Neoplasma,2020,67(3):537-546.
参考文献 10
TINEL A,JANSSENS S,LIPPENS S,et al.Autoproteolysis of PIDD marks the bifurcation between pro-death caspase-2 and pro-survival NF-κB pathway[J].The EMBO Journal,2007,26(1):197-208.
参考文献 11
CLIFTON L A.Unravelling the structural complexity of protein-lipid interactions with neutron reflectometry[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,2021,49(4):1537-1546.
参考文献 12
RAJASEKHARAN S,KENNEDY T E.The netrin protein family[J].Genome Biol,2009,10(9):239.
参考文献 13
PAWSON T,GISH G D.SH2 and SH3 domains:from structure to function[J].Cell,1992,71(3):359-362.
参考文献 14
TKE O,KOPRIVANACZ K,RADNAI L,et al.Solution NMR structure of the SH3 domain of human caskin1 validates the lack of a typical peptide binding groove and supports a role in lipid mediator binding[J].Cells,2021,10(1):173.
参考文献 15
GRILO A L,MANTALARIS A.Apoptosis:a mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective[J].Biotechnology Advances,2019,37(3):459-475.
参考文献 16
SHABGAH A G,AMIR A,GARDANOVA Z R,et al.Interleukin-25:new perspective and state-of-the-art in cancer prognosis and treatment approaches[J].Cancer Medicine,2021,10(15):5191-5202.
参考文献 17
BURCKHARDT C J,MINNA J D,DANUSER G,et al.SH3BP4 promotes neuropilin-1 and α5-integrin endocytosis and is inhibited by Akt[J].Developmental Cell,2021,56:1164-1181.
参考文献 18
LIU X,SUN R R,CHEN J N,et al.Crosstalk mechanisms between HGF/c-Met axis and ncRNAs in malignancy[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:23.
参考文献 19
MOOSAVI F,GIOVANNETTI E,PETERS G J,et al.Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer[J].Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology,2021,160:103234.
参考文献 20
MA P C,MAULIK G,CHRISTENSEN J,et al.c-Met:structure,functions and potential for therapeutic inhibition [J].Cancer and Metastasis Reviews,2003,22(4):309-325.
参考文献 21
BIRCHMEIER C,BIRCHMEIER W,GHERARDI E,et al.Met,metastasis,motility and more[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2003,4(12):915-925.
参考文献 22
MEKAPOGU A,XU Z,POTHULA S,et al.Inhibition of both the ligand and receptor of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET pathway,in combination with chemotherapy,retards progression of PanIN lesions in KPC mice[J].Pancreatology,2020,20(1):S39-S40.
参考文献 23
MA D J,CAO Z,WANG B S.Effect of silencing hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met expression on biological characteristics of colon cancer cells[J].Chinese Journal of Oncology,2020,42(5):362-368.
参考文献 24
MIZUNO M,KHALEDIAN B,MAEDA M.Adipsindependent secretion of hepatocyte growth factor regulates the adipocyte-cancer stem cell interaction[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4238.
参考文献 25
HADJITTOFI C,FERETIS M,MARTIN J,et al.Liver regeneration biology:implications for liver tumour therapies[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2021,12(12):1101-1156.
参考文献 26
BANGRU S,KALSOTRA A.Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration[J].Seminars in Cell&Developmental Biology,2020,100:74-87.
参考文献 27
BOTTARO D P,RUBIN J S,FALETTO D L,et al.Identification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor as the c-met proto-oncogene product[J].Science,1991,251(4995):802-804.
参考文献 28
WANG H,RAO B,LOU J,et al.The function of the HGF/c-Met axis in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:55.
参考文献 29
ZHANG H L,FENG Q Q,CHEN W D,et al.HGF/cMET:a promising therapeutic target in the digestive system cancers[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2018,19(11):3295.
参考文献 30
ZHAO M,WANG Y,LIU Y,et al.C7 peptide inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by targeting the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Cancer Biology&Therapy,2019,20(12):1-13.
参考文献 31
TOLEDANO S,NIR-ZVI I,ENGELMAN R,et al.Class3 semaphorins and their receptors:potent multifunctional modulators of tumor progression[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(3):556.
参考文献 32
SHAFRAZ O,XIE B,YAMADA S,et al.Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains [J].Biophysical Journal,2021,120(3):2a.
参考文献 33
ZHONG L,LI Y S,XIONG L,et al.Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy:advances,challenges,and future perspectives[J].Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,2021,6(6):201.
参考文献 34
HUANG W C,JANG T H,TUNG S L,et al.A novel miR-365-3p/EHF/keratin 16 axis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis,cancer stemness and drug resistance via enhancing β5-integrin/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research,2019,38(1):89.
参考文献 35
JAFARNEJAD M,SOVÉ R J,DANILOVA L,et al.Mechanistically detailed systems biology modeling of the HGF/Met pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].npj Systems Biology and Applications,2019,5:29.
参考文献 36
KWON Y,GODWIN A K.Regulation of HGF and cMET interaction in normal ovary and ovarian cancer:importance of targeting c-MET and HGF interaction[J].Reproductive Sciences,2016,24(4):494-501.
参考文献 37
ZHANG R T,SHI H R,REN F,et al.MicroRNA-338-3p suppresses ovarian cancer cells growth and metastasis:implication of Wnt/catenin beta and MEK/ERK signaling pathways[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research:2019,38:494.
参考文献 38
KOBELT D,PEREZ-HERNANDEZ D,FLEUTER C,et al.The newly identified MEK1 tyrosine phosphorylation target MACC1 is druggable by approved MEK1 inhibitors to restrict colorectal cancer metastasis[J].Oncogene,2021,40(34):1-16.
参考文献 39
WEN J,XIE Y,ZHANG Y,et al.MACC1 contributes to the development of osteosarcoma through regulation of the HGF/c-Met pathway and microtubule stability[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:825.
参考文献 40
BERGERS G,FENDT S M.The metabolism of cancer cells during metastasis[J].Nature Reviews Cancer,2021,21:162-180.
参考文献 41
TONG G L,CHENG B R,LI J Z,et al.MACC1 regulates PDL1 expression and tumor immunity through the c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer cells[J].Cancer Medicine,2019,8(16):7044-7054.
参考文献 42
CHOW A K M,YAU S,NG L.Novel molecular targets in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,11(8):589-605.
参考文献 43
张瑞涛,史惠蓉,黄好亮,等.MACC1,HGF和 c-Met 蛋白在卵巢上皮性癌中的表达及其意义[J].南方医科大学学报,2011,31(9):1551-1555.
参考文献 44
IMBASTARI F,DAHLMANN M,SPORBERT A,et al.MACC1 regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis and receptor recycling of transferrin receptor and EGFR in colorectal cancer[J].Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,2021,78:3525-3542.
参考文献 45
张言,王争.结肠癌转移相关基因1对结肠癌细胞肝转移的影响[J].肿瘤,2011,31(6):513-516.
参考文献 46
后博,梁爽,嵇晓艳.胃癌组织内MACC1表达与临床病理特征的关系研究[J].中国肿瘤外科杂志,2021,13(3):291-295.
参考文献 47
张德宇.MACC1促进胰腺癌发生发展中涉及的相关表型及激活通路的研究[D].郑州大学,2020.
参考文献 48
郭宏艳,何利珍,张虹,等.MACC1基因在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义[J].实用医院临床杂志,2020,17(2):102-104.
参考文献 49
刘思诗,耿敬姝.MACC1 在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展[J].现代肿瘤医学,2018,26(4):630-633.
参考文献 50
姚健.MACC1 和 c-Met 在同期多发肺癌中的表达及临床意义[D].吉林大学,2014.
参考文献 51
SHI Y,LI M Y,WANG H.The relationship between MACC1/c-Met/Cyclin D1 axis expression and prognosis in ESCC [J].Anal Cell Pathol,2022,2022:9651503.
参考文献 52
吴金兰,万福生.结肠癌转移相关基因1沉默对卵巢癌细胞生长与迁移的影响[J].南昌大学学报(医学版),2021,61(5):14-18.
参考文献 53
于新明,林国乐,邱辉忠.HGF/c-Met信号通路及其调控基因 MACC-1 与结肠直肠癌转移的关系[J].癌症进展,2010,8(5):441-444.
参考文献 54
孙厚良,江秀娟,梅学英,等.MACC1基因和c-Met蛋白在宫颈癌中的表达及与淋巴结转移关系[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2018,37(6):2720-2725.
参考文献 55
骆婕,郭妹,吴瑾柔,等.结肠癌转移相关因子-1,肝细胞生长因子和 c-Met 信号通路在子宫内膜异位症中的表达[J].实用医学杂志,2019,35(6):924-927.
参考文献 56
SHENG X J,LI Z,SUN M,et al.MACC1 induces metastasis in ovarian carcinoma by upregulating hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-MET[J].Oncology Letters,2014,8(2):1792-1082.
参考文献 57
WU Z Z,CHEN L S,ZHOU R,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer:Beyond metastasis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2016,22(29):6629-6637.
参考文献 58
SUN L,DUAN J M,JIANG Y Q,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D to promote lymphangiogenesis in human gastric cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,357(1):242-253.
参考文献 59
KARNEZIS T,SHAYAN R,CAESAR C,et al.VEGF-D promotes tumor metastasis by regulating prostaglandins produced by the collecting lymphatic endothelium[J].Cancer Cell,2012,21:181-195.
目录contents

    摘要

    恶性肿瘤的发生严重威胁着人类的健康及生存,对于其发病机制及转移机制仍然不是十分清楚。结肠癌转移关联基因1 (Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1,MACC1) 是2009年发现的与结肠癌的发生密切相关的基因,不仅诱导肿瘤的发生、转移,且与肿瘤患者的预后及生存率明显相关,这主要与 MACC1 调节 HGF/c-Met 信号通路有关。在未来, MACC1有望成为肿瘤基因治疗的新靶点。本篇结合国内外的文献,就MACC1在肿瘤发生发展及转移过程的研究进展作一综述。

    Abstract

    The occurrence of malignant tumor is a serious threat to human health and survival, but its pathogenesis and metastasis mechanism are still not very clear. MACC1 is a gene that was found in 2009 to be closely related to the development of colon cancer. The consensus is that MACC1 not only induces the occurrence and metastasis of tumors, but also significantly correlates with the prognosis and survival rate of tumor patients, which is mainly related to the regulation of HGF/c-Met signaling pathway by MACC1. MACC1 is expected to be a new target for tumor gene therapy in the future. In this review, the research progress of MACC1 in the process of tumor development and metastasis was reviewed.

  • 恶性肿瘤对人类的威胁日益突出,目前已成为最常见的死亡原因之一。在我国,肿瘤的发病率是 286/10万,死亡率是 181/10万,每分钟就有 6人被诊断为癌症,平均 5位癌症患者有 3人最后死亡[1]。肿瘤发生是一个多基因参与、多步骤发展的非常复杂的渐进过程,多年来的流行病学调查研究及实验与临床观察,发现环境与行为对人类恶性肿瘤的发生有重要影响,机体在内外因素共同作用下,细胞中某些基因突变并逐级积累形成肿瘤。宫颈癌的形成就是一个非常典型的例子,即正常宫颈细胞→鳞状上皮不典型增生 (Atypical Squamous Cells,ASC) → 宫颈上皮内瘤样变 (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, CIN) → 宫颈原位癌 (Carcinoma In Situ,CIS) →宫颈早期浸润癌→宫颈浸润癌逐级演变。这说明,癌变是一个较为漫长的多基因参与、多步骤发展的过程,其中的许多环节尚待进一步研究。结肠癌转移关联基因 (Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1,MACC1) 是在 2009 年发现的与结肠癌发生和转移密切相关的基因[2],是HGF/c-Met信号旁路的关键调控因子,可以诱导肿瘤的发生及转移,发现在多种肿瘤组织中呈高表达,这为进一步认识癌症的发病机制及转移机制提供了一个新的指导思路,也为癌症制定个体化治疗方案、评估预后和提供更精确的临床指导,在未来很有可能成为抗肿瘤的潜在分子靶点。

  • 1 MACC1基因的结构及功能

  • 1.1 关于MACC1

  • MACC1 是由 Stein 等[3] 发现并命名的一个新基因,位于人类染色体负链的20 146 776至20 223 538 处的 7p21.1,跨距约 76 762 bp,(见图1[3] http://www.genecards.org),包含 7 个外显子和 6 个内含子,编码的 cDNA 序列有 2 559 个基因,编码的蛋白序列由852个氨基酸组成[4]。在MACC1的N端包含有130~150个氨基酸,丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸化的位点;C端包含酪氨酸磷酸化残基,与信号转导及细胞膜信号受体接收密切相关,当酪氨酸残基发生突变时,细胞的功能和结构也会发生改变[5-7]。ZU5、 SH3、脯氨酸富含模体、死亡结构域 (Death Domain,DD) 是 MACC1的主要的结构域[89]。ZU5 结构域属于 ZU5家族,在 MACC1的 N端,由两个 β片段组成一个三明治结构,介导蛋白质彼此之间的相互作用[1011]。研究表明,ZU5结构域与信号转导蛋白高度的亲和,参与细胞的信号转导过程[212]。 SH3 结构域属于 Src 同源区的一种亚型,位于 DD 结构域上游,由多个疏水残基围绕成β桶状,侧链是桶状的核心,构成蛋白复合体的稳定结构。SH3 的同源区通过介导蛋白酪氨酸激酶与信号转导分子间的作用发挥生物学功能[91314]。当SH3结构域缺失时,MACC1活化c-Met转录的功能和由细胞质转移到细胞核内的能力都会消失[9],因而 SH3结构域是保持MACC1生物学活性的关键。MACC1的C末端属于死亡结构域家族DD,呈6个螺旋折叠的结构。就目前研究来看,MACC1 是唯一的一个包含两个 DD结构域的基因,其中一个DD结构域参与了炎症的形成、自身免疫的调节、肿瘤细胞的定向迁移等; 另一个结构域参与细胞信号转导和细胞的凋亡[1516],但其对凋亡的调控机制还需进一步的研究。

  • 图1 MACC1在人类染色体定位

  • 研究还发现,SH3BP4是MACC1的同源体,它们的核苷酸序列同源性达到了49.3%,氨基酸序列的同源性达到了 43.7%。SH3BP4 基因包含有 MACC1 基因的所有结构域,在其N端也携带了一个SH3结构域[38] (见图2)。SH3BP4还是铁传递蛋白的受体,利用蛋白介导的内吞作用参与蛋白受体的调控[317]

  • 图2 MACC1、SH3BP4 的结构

  • 1.2 c-Met/HGF

  • c-Met是在1984年克隆出的一个具有转化活性的片段,被认为是一种原癌基因[1819],该基因位于人类 7q31.2,大小约 110 Kb。c-Met 编码的蛋白 α 亚基和 β 亚基,两个亚基间借以二硫键连接构成 190 KD的受体蛋白,广泛分布于细胞膜上。α亚基占据胞外区,β 亚基占据胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区,两亚基的胞外区均是识别并与配体结合的部位, β 亚基的胞内区具有酪氨酸激酶 (Protein Tyrosine Kinase,PTK) 活性[2021]。研究发现,在不同组织细胞系,c-Met 转录不同产物,如产生的 mRNA 分别有 9.0、7.0、6.0、5.0、3.5,主要是剪切的方式或者转录的起始位点差异组成。另外, c-Met在不同的细胞、不同的分化阶段所作用的底物是不相同的,因而在不同条件下表现出不同的功能,如促进细胞分裂、触发上皮细胞分散、控制胚胎发育过程中细胞移动及诱导细胞形态发生变化等[2122]

  • 肝细胞生长因子 (Scatter Factor,SF) 属不耐热多糖蛋白,能刺激肝细胞生长增生,对化学损伤的肝脏及手术切除的肝脏有较强的再生作用[23]。 HGF 基因定位于 7q21.1,含 17 个内含子及 18 个外显子。由 96 KD 的 α 链和 34 KD 的 β 链通过二硫键形成成熟HGF分子的异二聚体结构。其中α链含有 4个 Kringle结构;β链中有丝氨酸蛋白酶催化结构和类似的结构,与 SF 有同源性,由同一个基因编码,这与HGF的促细胞运动有关[2425]。HGF主要通过细胞膜上的特异性受体 c-Met 发挥其生物学作用。间质细胞旁分泌 HGF 后作用于邻近细胞,并与细胞表面的受体 c-Met 结合,使 c-Met 羧基端的两个酪氨酸残基磷酸化,磷酸化的酪氨酸残基可以结合 Src 酪氨酸激酶、受体蛋白 GRB2 和 PI3K 的 p85亚基,导致细胞内多条信号传导通路呈级联激活,如MAPK信号通路和PI3K/AKT信号通路,从而诱导、促进细胞的有丝分裂、组织的形成、上皮细胞迁移、侵袭和血管生成[26-29]

  • 1.3 MACC1与c-Met/HGF

  • 自从Bottaro等[27] 报告了HGF和c-Met的关系以来,HGF/c-Met信号通路一直是分子生物学领域的研究热点。在生理条件下,HGF和c-Met短暂结合发挥生理性效应,如细胞分裂、胚胎发育等[30-32]。当 c-Met异常激活后,使得 HGF/c-Met信号旁路的调控失常从而被激活,异常激活的传导通路破坏宿主细胞的骨架结构,使细胞变形、塌陷及破裂,加快肿瘤的发生、发展以及转移灶的形成[33-35]。在肿瘤组织中可同时高表达 HGF 和 c-Met,形成正反馈,导致肿瘤的无限制生长和侵袭行为[3637]

  • Stein 等[38] 研究还发现,c-Met 是 MACC1 的转录靶点,而且 MACC1 的表达不依赖于 c-Met。有实验表明:当细胞内转染了 MACC1 siRNA 后, c-Met mRNA 和蛋白的表达会明显受到抑制,而 c-Met 的沉默对 MACC1 的表达没有任何影响[233940]。MACC1 位于 HGF/c-Met 信号通路的上游,也是该信号途径的关键调节因子,能诱发多条信号转导通路的活化,诱导癌细胞的生长、侵袭和远处转移[341]。具体机制:MACC1编码的蛋白激活了 c-Met 的转录,反过来 c-Met 的启动子又结合 MACC1,增加了 c-Met 在组织细胞中的表达,过度表达的 c-Met 与 HGF 结合发挥其多样生物学作用。同时,MACC1 由细胞质转移至细胞核内,核内的 MACC1 又可进一步激活 c-Met 的转录,如此反复的循环[3941]。由此可见,MACC1 进入到 HGF/ c-Met 信号通路,形成了 MACC1-HGF/c-Met 正反馈环路,对HGF/c-Met信号转导通路中起关键性的作用[363842]。另外,c-Met的高表达也可以导致HGF 的自分泌增加,最终导致细胞的恶变和侵袭[3743]

  • 2 MACC1在正常组织及癌组织中的表达

  • MACC1 最初是在人类的结肠癌组织中发现的[3],在相应的正常结肠黏膜组织中的表达较弱。后来陆续发现,在人体其他的正常组织中 MACC1 表达量上调,但程度很弱,这对我们研究 MACC1 的生理功能提供了重要的线索。有数据显示[43], MACC1 在肠、胃、气管、垂体及肾中表达较高,而在乳腺、胰腺、卵巢、骨髓、肺、肝脏、心脏及 B-淋巴母细胞等组织中表达相对较低;进一步研究还发现,在由内胚层发育而来的组织中 (如小肠、胃) MACC1 的表达水平明显高于中胚层 (如肾、心脏) 和外胚层发育而来的组织 (如垂体、乳腺),由此推断,MACC1 可能在胚胎发育过程中对涉及内胚层衍生的器官形成发挥了重要作用[244] (http:// oncomine.org)。研究发现[3839],MACC1 在正常组织和良性肿瘤组织中的表达水平明显低于恶性肿瘤组织中的表达,而在正常组织和良性肿瘤组织中 MACC1 的表达无明显差异;在未发生远处转移的组织中 MACC1的表达明显低于发生远处转移的组织中的表达,差异有明显的统计学意义。由此推断, MACC1 在组织细胞由良性向恶性转化的过程中起到了主要的作用,随着 MACC1 的表达逐渐增强,肿瘤组织发生远处转移的能力也就会越强[233944]

  • MACC1 在不同的消化系统肿瘤组织中均有表达,但是在结肠癌组织中的表达最高,并且也是在结肠癌的原发灶及转移灶中最早发现的[44]。张言等[45] 研究发现 MACC1 蛋白高表达的 SW1116 细胞生长较为迅速,肿瘤易发生远处转移,而 MACC1 蛋白低表达的HCT116 细胞生长较为缓慢,转移也发生较晚。后博等[46] 检测并分析了 MACC1 基因在肝细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义,MACC1 基因在肝癌组织中的表达显著高于癌旁组织和正常肝组织中的表达 (P <0.01),而且 MACC1 基因的表达水平与肝癌的 TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis) 分期、淋巴结转移、门静脉癌栓形成等明显相关 (P <0.05),与肿瘤个数、血清甲胎蛋白水平及有无肝硬化等无明显关系 (P >0.05)。这个结果与 Stein[3] 的研究结果相符,可以推断 MACC1基因可能在肝细胞癌的侵袭转移中发挥着重要作用,未来也可能作为肝癌治疗的新靶点。后来有许多研究者[47-52] 也发现 MACC1基因在胰腺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、肺癌以及头颈部癌中呈现高表达,且在原发癌发生转移的组织中表达明显上调,这些更说明了 MACC1 基因能诱发肿瘤的发生及转移。因此, MACC1 将会成为癌症预后评估的指标,在未来能成为癌症基因治疗的新靶点。

  • 3 MACC1 基因的功能及与 HGF/c-Met 信号途径的关系

  • 我们在研究中也发现,在高表达 c-Met和 HGF 的宫颈癌组织中 MACC1也有较高的表达,在正常的宫颈组织及良性肿瘤组织细胞中MACC1、c-Met 及 HGF 的表达水平均较低, MACC1 的表达与 c-Met、HGF 的表达成正相关[53-55]。这个结论在结肠癌组织、肝癌组织、子宫内膜癌组织、卵巢癌组织中也得到了验证。这可能是在肿瘤组织中 MACC1 过度表达增加了机体对 c-Met 和 HGF 的敏感性,c-Met 表达的增加又可激发 HGF 的过度表达[56]。由此可以推测,在组织细胞恶变的过程中, MACC1 起到关键性的作用,MACC1-HGF/c-Met 信号通路的异常可以导致肿瘤的发生和转移, MACC1、c-Met 及 HGF 表达阳性也被认为是肿瘤细胞具有远处转移的潜能,也是肿瘤早期诊断和远处转移的一个指标。另外,研究还发现,发生远处转移的肿瘤组织中,MACC1的表达定位于细胞核,而未发生转移的肿瘤中,MACC1 的表达定位于细胞质,也就是说如果在细胞核内检测到 MACC1阳性表达,说明癌细胞已经发生了远处转移[33839],这可能是由于 SH3的缺失,导致 MACC1由细胞质转移到了细胞核。由此可以猜想,当肿瘤细胞内导入 MACC1-SH3 质粒后,MACC1 失去了由细胞质向细胞核内转移的能力,从而阻止肿瘤转移、侵袭。另外,MACC1 也可以作为转录因子,增加 TWIST1/2 的转录,从而促进血管生成拟态 (Vasculogenic Mimicry,VM) 的形成诱导肿瘤细胞的扩增及转移[57]。Sun 等[58] 报道 MACC1 促进机体局部及远处淋巴管生成,这在癌细胞淋巴结转移中起关键作用,研究机制表明 MACC1 显著提高 VEGF-C/D 的表达,而 VEGF-C/D 是体内外调节淋巴管生成和促进淋巴管转移的重要因子,从而促进肿瘤发生转移及扩散[59] (见图3[57])。

  • 4 问题与展望

  • 本文主要总结了 MACC1的结构及功能在肿瘤组织中表达的意义及其与HGF/c-Met信号途径的关系,这为进一步阐明 MACC1的生物学功能和致瘤机制奠定了基础。但是,MACC1是怎样和HGF/cMet信号途径结合并发挥功能的?除了消化道肿瘤外,MACC1 在其他类型的肿瘤中是否也有同样的致瘤机制?在肿瘤细胞内是否能导入 MACC1-SH3 质粒?这些问题尚待进一步研究。在未来的研究和临床工作中,我们可以从患者的血液中检测并分析 MACC1 的表达,作为肿瘤患者的早期诊断、远处转移、基因治疗及预后评估的特异性指标。未来,我们可以研发相关的 MACC1的特异性抗体疫苗直接沉默MACC1的表达阻断或者阻断MACC1-HGF/ c-Met 信号途径、TWIST1/2 的转录及淋巴管的生成,从而阻断组织细胞的恶性病变,缩小瘤块体积,使肿瘤不发生转移或迟发转移。以 MACC1为切入点有望成为防癌及治癌的有效的新途径,值得我们进一步研究。

  • 图3 MACC1参与宫颈癌细胞的多种生物学功能

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 魏文强,张思维,李敏娟.中国肿瘤登记发展历程[J].中国肿瘤,2021,30(9):641-647.

    • [2] STEIN U,DAHLMANN M,WALTHER W.MACC1-more than metastasis?Facts and predictions about a novel gene[J].Journal of Molecular Medicine,2010,88(1):11-18.

    • [3] STEIN U,WALTHER W,ARLT F,et al.MACC1,a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling,predicts colon cancer metastasis[J].Nature Medicine,2009,15(1):59-67.

    • [4] COLE C,BYRNE A,ADAMS M,et al.Complete characterization of the human immune cell transcriptome using accurate full-length cDNA sequencing[J].Genome Research,2020,30(4):589-601.

    • [5] SEMENYUK P I,EFIMOVA A A,LENTIN I I,et al.Interaction of ionenes with lipid membrane:unusual impact of charge density[J].Langmuir,2020,36(48):14717-14727.

    • [6] KRUG K,MERTINS P,ZHANG B,et al.A curated resource for phosphosite-specific signature analysis*[S] [J].Molecular & Cellular Proteomics,2019,18(3):576-593.

    • [7] JI Z Y,FANG C M,XIE J W,et al.Oncogenic KRAS activates hedgehog signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells*[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2021,282(19):14048-14055.

    • [8] STEIN U.MACC1-a novel target for solid cancers[J].Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets,2013,17(9):1039-1052.

    • [9] WEI C J,ZHANG Z W,LU J H,et al.MiR-638 regulates gastric cardia adenocarcinoma cell proliferation,apoptosis,migration and invasion by targeting MACC1 [J].Neoplasma,2020,67(3):537-546.

    • [10] TINEL A,JANSSENS S,LIPPENS S,et al.Autoproteolysis of PIDD marks the bifurcation between pro-death caspase-2 and pro-survival NF-κB pathway[J].The EMBO Journal,2007,26(1):197-208.

    • [11] CLIFTON L A.Unravelling the structural complexity of protein-lipid interactions with neutron reflectometry[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,2021,49(4):1537-1546.

    • [12] RAJASEKHARAN S,KENNEDY T E.The netrin protein family[J].Genome Biol,2009,10(9):239.

    • [13] PAWSON T,GISH G D.SH2 and SH3 domains:from structure to function[J].Cell,1992,71(3):359-362.

    • [14] TKE O,KOPRIVANACZ K,RADNAI L,et al.Solution NMR structure of the SH3 domain of human caskin1 validates the lack of a typical peptide binding groove and supports a role in lipid mediator binding[J].Cells,2021,10(1):173.

    • [15] GRILO A L,MANTALARIS A.Apoptosis:a mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective[J].Biotechnology Advances,2019,37(3):459-475.

    • [16] SHABGAH A G,AMIR A,GARDANOVA Z R,et al.Interleukin-25:new perspective and state-of-the-art in cancer prognosis and treatment approaches[J].Cancer Medicine,2021,10(15):5191-5202.

    • [17] BURCKHARDT C J,MINNA J D,DANUSER G,et al.SH3BP4 promotes neuropilin-1 and α5-integrin endocytosis and is inhibited by Akt[J].Developmental Cell,2021,56:1164-1181.

    • [18] LIU X,SUN R R,CHEN J N,et al.Crosstalk mechanisms between HGF/c-Met axis and ncRNAs in malignancy[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:23.

    • [19] MOOSAVI F,GIOVANNETTI E,PETERS G J,et al.Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer[J].Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology,2021,160:103234.

    • [20] MA P C,MAULIK G,CHRISTENSEN J,et al.c-Met:structure,functions and potential for therapeutic inhibition [J].Cancer and Metastasis Reviews,2003,22(4):309-325.

    • [21] BIRCHMEIER C,BIRCHMEIER W,GHERARDI E,et al.Met,metastasis,motility and more[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2003,4(12):915-925.

    • [22] MEKAPOGU A,XU Z,POTHULA S,et al.Inhibition of both the ligand and receptor of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET pathway,in combination with chemotherapy,retards progression of PanIN lesions in KPC mice[J].Pancreatology,2020,20(1):S39-S40.

    • [23] MA D J,CAO Z,WANG B S.Effect of silencing hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met expression on biological characteristics of colon cancer cells[J].Chinese Journal of Oncology,2020,42(5):362-368.

    • [24] MIZUNO M,KHALEDIAN B,MAEDA M.Adipsindependent secretion of hepatocyte growth factor regulates the adipocyte-cancer stem cell interaction[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4238.

    • [25] HADJITTOFI C,FERETIS M,MARTIN J,et al.Liver regeneration biology:implications for liver tumour therapies[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2021,12(12):1101-1156.

    • [26] BANGRU S,KALSOTRA A.Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration[J].Seminars in Cell&Developmental Biology,2020,100:74-87.

    • [27] BOTTARO D P,RUBIN J S,FALETTO D L,et al.Identification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor as the c-met proto-oncogene product[J].Science,1991,251(4995):802-804.

    • [28] WANG H,RAO B,LOU J,et al.The function of the HGF/c-Met axis in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:55.

    • [29] ZHANG H L,FENG Q Q,CHEN W D,et al.HGF/cMET:a promising therapeutic target in the digestive system cancers[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2018,19(11):3295.

    • [30] ZHAO M,WANG Y,LIU Y,et al.C7 peptide inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by targeting the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Cancer Biology&Therapy,2019,20(12):1-13.

    • [31] TOLEDANO S,NIR-ZVI I,ENGELMAN R,et al.Class3 semaphorins and their receptors:potent multifunctional modulators of tumor progression[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(3):556.

    • [32] SHAFRAZ O,XIE B,YAMADA S,et al.Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains [J].Biophysical Journal,2021,120(3):2a.

    • [33] ZHONG L,LI Y S,XIONG L,et al.Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy:advances,challenges,and future perspectives[J].Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,2021,6(6):201.

    • [34] HUANG W C,JANG T H,TUNG S L,et al.A novel miR-365-3p/EHF/keratin 16 axis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis,cancer stemness and drug resistance via enhancing β5-integrin/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research,2019,38(1):89.

    • [35] JAFARNEJAD M,SOVÉ R J,DANILOVA L,et al.Mechanistically detailed systems biology modeling of the HGF/Met pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].npj Systems Biology and Applications,2019,5:29.

    • [36] KWON Y,GODWIN A K.Regulation of HGF and cMET interaction in normal ovary and ovarian cancer:importance of targeting c-MET and HGF interaction[J].Reproductive Sciences,2016,24(4):494-501.

    • [37] ZHANG R T,SHI H R,REN F,et al.MicroRNA-338-3p suppresses ovarian cancer cells growth and metastasis:implication of Wnt/catenin beta and MEK/ERK signaling pathways[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research:2019,38:494.

    • [38] KOBELT D,PEREZ-HERNANDEZ D,FLEUTER C,et al.The newly identified MEK1 tyrosine phosphorylation target MACC1 is druggable by approved MEK1 inhibitors to restrict colorectal cancer metastasis[J].Oncogene,2021,40(34):1-16.

    • [39] WEN J,XIE Y,ZHANG Y,et al.MACC1 contributes to the development of osteosarcoma through regulation of the HGF/c-Met pathway and microtubule stability[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:825.

    • [40] BERGERS G,FENDT S M.The metabolism of cancer cells during metastasis[J].Nature Reviews Cancer,2021,21:162-180.

    • [41] TONG G L,CHENG B R,LI J Z,et al.MACC1 regulates PDL1 expression and tumor immunity through the c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer cells[J].Cancer Medicine,2019,8(16):7044-7054.

    • [42] CHOW A K M,YAU S,NG L.Novel molecular targets in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,11(8):589-605.

    • [43] 张瑞涛,史惠蓉,黄好亮,等.MACC1,HGF和 c-Met 蛋白在卵巢上皮性癌中的表达及其意义[J].南方医科大学学报,2011,31(9):1551-1555.

    • [44] IMBASTARI F,DAHLMANN M,SPORBERT A,et al.MACC1 regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis and receptor recycling of transferrin receptor and EGFR in colorectal cancer[J].Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,2021,78:3525-3542.

    • [45] 张言,王争.结肠癌转移相关基因1对结肠癌细胞肝转移的影响[J].肿瘤,2011,31(6):513-516.

    • [46] 后博,梁爽,嵇晓艳.胃癌组织内MACC1表达与临床病理特征的关系研究[J].中国肿瘤外科杂志,2021,13(3):291-295.

    • [47] 张德宇.MACC1促进胰腺癌发生发展中涉及的相关表型及激活通路的研究[D].郑州大学,2020.

    • [48] 郭宏艳,何利珍,张虹,等.MACC1基因在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义[J].实用医院临床杂志,2020,17(2):102-104.

    • [49] 刘思诗,耿敬姝.MACC1 在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展[J].现代肿瘤医学,2018,26(4):630-633.

    • [50] 姚健.MACC1 和 c-Met 在同期多发肺癌中的表达及临床意义[D].吉林大学,2014.

    • [51] SHI Y,LI M Y,WANG H.The relationship between MACC1/c-Met/Cyclin D1 axis expression and prognosis in ESCC [J].Anal Cell Pathol,2022,2022:9651503.

    • [52] 吴金兰,万福生.结肠癌转移相关基因1沉默对卵巢癌细胞生长与迁移的影响[J].南昌大学学报(医学版),2021,61(5):14-18.

    • [53] 于新明,林国乐,邱辉忠.HGF/c-Met信号通路及其调控基因 MACC-1 与结肠直肠癌转移的关系[J].癌症进展,2010,8(5):441-444.

    • [54] 孙厚良,江秀娟,梅学英,等.MACC1基因和c-Met蛋白在宫颈癌中的表达及与淋巴结转移关系[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2018,37(6):2720-2725.

    • [55] 骆婕,郭妹,吴瑾柔,等.结肠癌转移相关因子-1,肝细胞生长因子和 c-Met 信号通路在子宫内膜异位症中的表达[J].实用医学杂志,2019,35(6):924-927.

    • [56] SHENG X J,LI Z,SUN M,et al.MACC1 induces metastasis in ovarian carcinoma by upregulating hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-MET[J].Oncology Letters,2014,8(2):1792-1082.

    • [57] WU Z Z,CHEN L S,ZHOU R,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer:Beyond metastasis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2016,22(29):6629-6637.

    • [58] SUN L,DUAN J M,JIANG Y Q,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D to promote lymphangiogenesis in human gastric cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,357(1):242-253.

    • [59] KARNEZIS T,SHAYAN R,CAESAR C,et al.VEGF-D promotes tumor metastasis by regulating prostaglandins produced by the collecting lymphatic endothelium[J].Cancer Cell,2012,21:181-195.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 魏文强,张思维,李敏娟.中国肿瘤登记发展历程[J].中国肿瘤,2021,30(9):641-647.

    • [2] STEIN U,DAHLMANN M,WALTHER W.MACC1-more than metastasis?Facts and predictions about a novel gene[J].Journal of Molecular Medicine,2010,88(1):11-18.

    • [3] STEIN U,WALTHER W,ARLT F,et al.MACC1,a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling,predicts colon cancer metastasis[J].Nature Medicine,2009,15(1):59-67.

    • [4] COLE C,BYRNE A,ADAMS M,et al.Complete characterization of the human immune cell transcriptome using accurate full-length cDNA sequencing[J].Genome Research,2020,30(4):589-601.

    • [5] SEMENYUK P I,EFIMOVA A A,LENTIN I I,et al.Interaction of ionenes with lipid membrane:unusual impact of charge density[J].Langmuir,2020,36(48):14717-14727.

    • [6] KRUG K,MERTINS P,ZHANG B,et al.A curated resource for phosphosite-specific signature analysis*[S] [J].Molecular & Cellular Proteomics,2019,18(3):576-593.

    • [7] JI Z Y,FANG C M,XIE J W,et al.Oncogenic KRAS activates hedgehog signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells*[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2021,282(19):14048-14055.

    • [8] STEIN U.MACC1-a novel target for solid cancers[J].Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets,2013,17(9):1039-1052.

    • [9] WEI C J,ZHANG Z W,LU J H,et al.MiR-638 regulates gastric cardia adenocarcinoma cell proliferation,apoptosis,migration and invasion by targeting MACC1 [J].Neoplasma,2020,67(3):537-546.

    • [10] TINEL A,JANSSENS S,LIPPENS S,et al.Autoproteolysis of PIDD marks the bifurcation between pro-death caspase-2 and pro-survival NF-κB pathway[J].The EMBO Journal,2007,26(1):197-208.

    • [11] CLIFTON L A.Unravelling the structural complexity of protein-lipid interactions with neutron reflectometry[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,2021,49(4):1537-1546.

    • [12] RAJASEKHARAN S,KENNEDY T E.The netrin protein family[J].Genome Biol,2009,10(9):239.

    • [13] PAWSON T,GISH G D.SH2 and SH3 domains:from structure to function[J].Cell,1992,71(3):359-362.

    • [14] TKE O,KOPRIVANACZ K,RADNAI L,et al.Solution NMR structure of the SH3 domain of human caskin1 validates the lack of a typical peptide binding groove and supports a role in lipid mediator binding[J].Cells,2021,10(1):173.

    • [15] GRILO A L,MANTALARIS A.Apoptosis:a mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective[J].Biotechnology Advances,2019,37(3):459-475.

    • [16] SHABGAH A G,AMIR A,GARDANOVA Z R,et al.Interleukin-25:new perspective and state-of-the-art in cancer prognosis and treatment approaches[J].Cancer Medicine,2021,10(15):5191-5202.

    • [17] BURCKHARDT C J,MINNA J D,DANUSER G,et al.SH3BP4 promotes neuropilin-1 and α5-integrin endocytosis and is inhibited by Akt[J].Developmental Cell,2021,56:1164-1181.

    • [18] LIU X,SUN R R,CHEN J N,et al.Crosstalk mechanisms between HGF/c-Met axis and ncRNAs in malignancy[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:23.

    • [19] MOOSAVI F,GIOVANNETTI E,PETERS G J,et al.Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer[J].Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology,2021,160:103234.

    • [20] MA P C,MAULIK G,CHRISTENSEN J,et al.c-Met:structure,functions and potential for therapeutic inhibition [J].Cancer and Metastasis Reviews,2003,22(4):309-325.

    • [21] BIRCHMEIER C,BIRCHMEIER W,GHERARDI E,et al.Met,metastasis,motility and more[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2003,4(12):915-925.

    • [22] MEKAPOGU A,XU Z,POTHULA S,et al.Inhibition of both the ligand and receptor of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET pathway,in combination with chemotherapy,retards progression of PanIN lesions in KPC mice[J].Pancreatology,2020,20(1):S39-S40.

    • [23] MA D J,CAO Z,WANG B S.Effect of silencing hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met expression on biological characteristics of colon cancer cells[J].Chinese Journal of Oncology,2020,42(5):362-368.

    • [24] MIZUNO M,KHALEDIAN B,MAEDA M.Adipsindependent secretion of hepatocyte growth factor regulates the adipocyte-cancer stem cell interaction[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4238.

    • [25] HADJITTOFI C,FERETIS M,MARTIN J,et al.Liver regeneration biology:implications for liver tumour therapies[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2021,12(12):1101-1156.

    • [26] BANGRU S,KALSOTRA A.Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration[J].Seminars in Cell&Developmental Biology,2020,100:74-87.

    • [27] BOTTARO D P,RUBIN J S,FALETTO D L,et al.Identification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor as the c-met proto-oncogene product[J].Science,1991,251(4995):802-804.

    • [28] WANG H,RAO B,LOU J,et al.The function of the HGF/c-Met axis in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:55.

    • [29] ZHANG H L,FENG Q Q,CHEN W D,et al.HGF/cMET:a promising therapeutic target in the digestive system cancers[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2018,19(11):3295.

    • [30] ZHAO M,WANG Y,LIU Y,et al.C7 peptide inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by targeting the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Cancer Biology&Therapy,2019,20(12):1-13.

    • [31] TOLEDANO S,NIR-ZVI I,ENGELMAN R,et al.Class3 semaphorins and their receptors:potent multifunctional modulators of tumor progression[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(3):556.

    • [32] SHAFRAZ O,XIE B,YAMADA S,et al.Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains [J].Biophysical Journal,2021,120(3):2a.

    • [33] ZHONG L,LI Y S,XIONG L,et al.Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy:advances,challenges,and future perspectives[J].Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,2021,6(6):201.

    • [34] HUANG W C,JANG T H,TUNG S L,et al.A novel miR-365-3p/EHF/keratin 16 axis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis,cancer stemness and drug resistance via enhancing β5-integrin/c-Met signaling pathway[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research,2019,38(1):89.

    • [35] JAFARNEJAD M,SOVÉ R J,DANILOVA L,et al.Mechanistically detailed systems biology modeling of the HGF/Met pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].npj Systems Biology and Applications,2019,5:29.

    • [36] KWON Y,GODWIN A K.Regulation of HGF and cMET interaction in normal ovary and ovarian cancer:importance of targeting c-MET and HGF interaction[J].Reproductive Sciences,2016,24(4):494-501.

    • [37] ZHANG R T,SHI H R,REN F,et al.MicroRNA-338-3p suppresses ovarian cancer cells growth and metastasis:implication of Wnt/catenin beta and MEK/ERK signaling pathways[J].Journal of Experimental&Clinical Cancer Research:2019,38:494.

    • [38] KOBELT D,PEREZ-HERNANDEZ D,FLEUTER C,et al.The newly identified MEK1 tyrosine phosphorylation target MACC1 is druggable by approved MEK1 inhibitors to restrict colorectal cancer metastasis[J].Oncogene,2021,40(34):1-16.

    • [39] WEN J,XIE Y,ZHANG Y,et al.MACC1 contributes to the development of osteosarcoma through regulation of the HGF/c-Met pathway and microtubule stability[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2020,8:825.

    • [40] BERGERS G,FENDT S M.The metabolism of cancer cells during metastasis[J].Nature Reviews Cancer,2021,21:162-180.

    • [41] TONG G L,CHENG B R,LI J Z,et al.MACC1 regulates PDL1 expression and tumor immunity through the c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer cells[J].Cancer Medicine,2019,8(16):7044-7054.

    • [42] CHOW A K M,YAU S,NG L.Novel molecular targets in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,11(8):589-605.

    • [43] 张瑞涛,史惠蓉,黄好亮,等.MACC1,HGF和 c-Met 蛋白在卵巢上皮性癌中的表达及其意义[J].南方医科大学学报,2011,31(9):1551-1555.

    • [44] IMBASTARI F,DAHLMANN M,SPORBERT A,et al.MACC1 regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis and receptor recycling of transferrin receptor and EGFR in colorectal cancer[J].Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,2021,78:3525-3542.

    • [45] 张言,王争.结肠癌转移相关基因1对结肠癌细胞肝转移的影响[J].肿瘤,2011,31(6):513-516.

    • [46] 后博,梁爽,嵇晓艳.胃癌组织内MACC1表达与临床病理特征的关系研究[J].中国肿瘤外科杂志,2021,13(3):291-295.

    • [47] 张德宇.MACC1促进胰腺癌发生发展中涉及的相关表型及激活通路的研究[D].郑州大学,2020.

    • [48] 郭宏艳,何利珍,张虹,等.MACC1基因在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义[J].实用医院临床杂志,2020,17(2):102-104.

    • [49] 刘思诗,耿敬姝.MACC1 在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展[J].现代肿瘤医学,2018,26(4):630-633.

    • [50] 姚健.MACC1 和 c-Met 在同期多发肺癌中的表达及临床意义[D].吉林大学,2014.

    • [51] SHI Y,LI M Y,WANG H.The relationship between MACC1/c-Met/Cyclin D1 axis expression and prognosis in ESCC [J].Anal Cell Pathol,2022,2022:9651503.

    • [52] 吴金兰,万福生.结肠癌转移相关基因1沉默对卵巢癌细胞生长与迁移的影响[J].南昌大学学报(医学版),2021,61(5):14-18.

    • [53] 于新明,林国乐,邱辉忠.HGF/c-Met信号通路及其调控基因 MACC-1 与结肠直肠癌转移的关系[J].癌症进展,2010,8(5):441-444.

    • [54] 孙厚良,江秀娟,梅学英,等.MACC1基因和c-Met蛋白在宫颈癌中的表达及与淋巴结转移关系[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2018,37(6):2720-2725.

    • [55] 骆婕,郭妹,吴瑾柔,等.结肠癌转移相关因子-1,肝细胞生长因子和 c-Met 信号通路在子宫内膜异位症中的表达[J].实用医学杂志,2019,35(6):924-927.

    • [56] SHENG X J,LI Z,SUN M,et al.MACC1 induces metastasis in ovarian carcinoma by upregulating hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-MET[J].Oncology Letters,2014,8(2):1792-1082.

    • [57] WU Z Z,CHEN L S,ZHOU R,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer:Beyond metastasis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2016,22(29):6629-6637.

    • [58] SUN L,DUAN J M,JIANG Y Q,et al.Metastasisassociated in colon cancer-1 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D to promote lymphangiogenesis in human gastric cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,357(1):242-253.

    • [59] KARNEZIS T,SHAYAN R,CAESAR C,et al.VEGF-D promotes tumor metastasis by regulating prostaglandins produced by the collecting lymphatic endothelium[J].Cancer Cell,2012,21:181-195.