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通讯作者:

邹文斌(1987-),男,湖南娄底人,讲师,主要从事慢性胰腺炎遗传机制与转化研究。E-mail:Dr.wenbinzou@hotmail.com;

廖专(1980-),男,湖南醴陵人,博士生导师,主要从事胰腺疾病基础与临床研究。E-mail:liaozhuan@smmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R363.2+1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:2096-8965(2021)03-0037-05

DOI:10.12287/j.issn.2096-8965.20210306

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目录contents

    摘要

    瞬时受体电位亚家族V成员6 (Transient Receptor Potential Channel Subfamily V Member 6, TRPV6) 是一种钙离子高度选择性离子通道,在多种组织中均有表达,控制细胞顶端钙离子的进入,在维持钙稳态中发挥重要作用。TRPV6功能异常会影响体内钙稳态,进而引发新生儿骨骼发育异常、甲状旁腺功能亢进、骨与软骨代谢异常、肾结石和高尿钙症、 以及炎症性肠病和慢性胰腺炎等多种疾病。近年来研究也表明,TRPV6的上调与多种肿瘤的侵袭性增加有关,具有作为肿瘤检测的标志物以及治疗靶点的潜力。本综述将聚焦于TRPV6与其在相关疾病中发挥的作用,旨在为TRPV6作为药物靶点实现临床转化提供理论依据。

    Abstract

    Transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 6 (TRPV6) , is a highly selective chan‐ nel for calcium and is expressed in various tissues where it has a role in importing calcium ion through the apical membrane and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. The functional abnormalities of TRPV6 impact cal‐ cium homeostasis, leading to several diseases including the dysplasia of fetal skeleton and transient neonatal hy‐ perparathyroidism, bone and cartilage metabolism abnormalities, renal calcium stone formation and hypercalci‐ uria, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic pancreatitis, et al. Recent studies have demonstrated that the overexpression of TRPV6 is also associated with high invasiveness of numerous malignancies, thus TRPV6 has the po‐ tential to be used as tumor detecting marker and therapeutic target. This review will focus on TRPV6 and its role in associated diseases to provide evidences for the clinical translation of TRPV6 as a drug target.

  • 瞬时受体电位(Transient Receptor Potential channels,TRPs) 蛋白的V家族包括6种通道蛋白,其中TRPV1~4主要与热、酸、拉伸、外源性化学物质刺激等感觉有关,TRPV5与TRPV6则对Ca2+ 具有高度选择性[1]。TRPV5主要表达于哺乳动物肾脏,TRPV6的表达谱更广,两种钙通道与钙稳态的调控有着密切联系[2, 3]TRPV6基因位于人7号染色体长臂,包含15个外显子,长度约为15.7kb[4]。全长内源性人TRPV6蛋白的N端比理论上翻译的蛋白长40个氨基酸残基,这是由于TRPV6的翻译是从AUG上游的ACG起始,且将本对应苏氨酸的ACG解码为甲硫氨酸,在TRPV家族中从非AUG密码子翻译为TRPV6所特有[4]。TRPV6通道由四个相同的亚单位组成,每个亚单位有六个跨膜段,形成一个向内整流的Ca2+ 选择离子通道[3]。TRPV6主要分布于小肠、附睾上皮、胎盘、前列腺和外分泌胰腺,其在小肠中可促进Ca2+的吸收,在附睾中TRPV6维持精液处于低钙水平,保护精子不被杀伤。Trpv6 敲除后小鼠会出现肠道吸收Ca2+ 降低、低体重、生育能力下降等,其转录表达的异常通过钙稳态失衡,引起一系列疾病(见图1) [3]

  • 图1 TRPV6与相关疾病

  • 1 新生儿骨骼发育异常及甲状旁腺功能亢进

  • Ca2+ 在胚胎期不仅需满足维持细胞基本功能的需求,还参与骨骼的形成与矿化,因此新生儿的血钙浓度需要高于母体,这种高血钙的形成依赖Ca2+ 的主动跨膜转运[5]。若Ca2+ 的转运功能下降或缺失,胎儿将因Ca2+ 匮乏而导致骨骼发育不全。动物实验表明,Trpv6 敲除的小鼠具有胚胎小、体重轻、股骨短、钙化少等特点,且在成年小鼠中仍存在皮质骨微结构损伤[6]。Burren等报道了TRPV6母系遗传的杂合错义突变体(G660R) 和父系遗传的无义突变体(R510Ter),严重干扰胎儿骨骼的矿化,导致胎儿肋骨形状异常、长骨短且直、因胸廓发育异常而需机械通气[7]

  • 胎儿体内Ca2+ 匮乏会通过负反馈调节至甲状旁腺使之亢进,导致一过性新生儿甲状旁腺功能亢进(Transient Neonatal Hyperparathyroidism,TNHP) 的发生。Suzuki等通过对6例TNHP伴成骨异常的患儿及其父母进行基因测序,发现6种TRPV6突变,其中4种因氨基酸序列改变造成膜定位异常而无法发挥钙内流的功能,1种突变造成翻译提前终止而导致TRPV6无法表达,1种突变表现为Ca2+ 过度内流造成胞内Ca2+ 超载,进而引起细胞死亡[8]

  • 2 骨与软骨疾病

  • TRPV6同时存在于成骨细胞与破骨细胞,发挥着钙转运的作用,调节骨形成和骨吸收的动态平衡[9]。Chen等发现敲除 Trpv6 的小鼠骨微结构明显破坏,破骨细胞的数目和表面积显著增加,表明TRPV6可能是破骨细胞分化和骨吸收过程中的关键调控因子,在骨代谢中起重要作用[10]。Ma等进一步证实TRPV6通过IGF-PI3K-AKT通路对破骨细胞负向调节,Trpv6 的敲除会降低其对破骨细胞的抑制作用[11]

  • TRPV6也在关节软骨中发挥着作用,可能参与骨关节炎的形成。Song等发现骨关节炎患者关节软骨的TRPV6表达量显著下降,同时Trpv6敲除小鼠相较于野生型小鼠更早出现骨关节炎,且Trpv6的缺失会减少细胞外基质的分泌,减缓软骨细胞增殖,以及增加软骨细胞凋亡,参与骨关节炎的发生[12]

  • 3 肾结石与高钙尿症

  • 高钙尿是导致肾结石最常见的代谢异常,与遗传因素有关,其发病机制是由于肠Ca2+ 吸收增加和/或肾小管Ca2+ 重吸收减少[13]。研究表明 Trpv6 敲除小鼠的尿渗透压降低,同时尿Ca2+ 排泄显著增加[14]; Suzuki对170例肾钙结石患者进行 TRPV6基因检测与功能分析,发现功能获得性 TRPV6 突变增加肾钙结石的发生风险,证明TRPV6参与肾结石和高钙尿的疾病进程[15]

  • TRPV6也在表现为高钙尿症的其他症候群中发挥作用。Lowe氏症候群是一种X染色体上OCRL基因缺陷导致的代谢性遗传疾病,主要临床表现为先天性白内障、智力发育迟缓、以及肾近端小管病变,又称“眼脑肾综合征”[16]。OCRL编码细胞内高尔基代谢所必须的磷脂酰肌醇-5磷酸酶,可水解磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸(Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate, PIP2)[16]。TRPV6介导的钙摄取会被内源性OCRL抑制,而PIP2正向调节TRPV6活性,因此Lowe氏症候群因OCRL的功能缺失会上调TRPV6,使得患者肠道钙吸收增加,导致高钙尿症的发生[17]。假性醛固酮减少症Ⅱ型(PHAⅡ) 是由WNK4激酶突变引起的疾病,在 Wnk4 D561A/+ 的PHA Ⅱ小鼠模型中可观察到TRPV6表达量显著增加,提示TRPV6也可能与PHAⅡ患者高钙尿症有关[18]

  • 4 炎症性肠病与慢性胰腺炎

  • 在炎症性肠病中,TRPV6于活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者结肠组织的表达量显著高于对照组,可能参与溃疡性结肠炎的病理进程[19]。克罗恩病患者常伴有骨密度降低,Huybers等在克罗恩病小鼠模型中发现TRPV6在十二指肠内表达下调,为保证正常血钙水平使得骨吸收增加而造成骨密度降低,与人体中观察到的结果相似[20]

  • 细胞内Ca2+ 持续性增高是慢性胰腺炎(Chronic Pancreatitis,CP) 发病机制中的重要一环,高钙环境会促进胰蛋白酶原过早激活,调控Ca2+ 内流的 TRPV6 极有可能参与CP的病理进程[21]。Sofia等分析80例特发性CP患者的基因发现存在3种 TRPV6 错义突变[22]。Masamune等在日本队列检测出25种 TRPV6非同义突变,通过体外细胞钙离子成像实验发现其中12种为功能缺失型突变,在非酒精性CP患者中频率显著增高(OR=48.4),且 Trpv6 mut/mut(p.D541A) 小鼠在给予雨蛙素后的胰腺炎严重程度比野生型小鼠更严重[23]。同期长海医院Zou等在中国汉族CP队列中发现的25种 TRPV6 非同义突变,其中有10种为功能缺失型突变在CP患者中显著高表达(OR=8.29),40%的突变存在蛋白表达量下调[24]。上述研究表明 TRPV6 是CP的一种新易感基因,但其具体致病机制有待进一步探索,Sa⁃ hin-Tóth等提出TRPV6功能缺失可能造成Ca2+ 内流异常,导致胰腺导管内呈高钙环境,刺激胰蛋白酶原的激活[25]

  • 5 肿瘤

  • TRPV6与多种肿瘤的发生及进展有着密切联系,其过表达与肿瘤的侵袭性增加相关。值得注意的是,TRPV6在卵巢癌、前列腺癌和胰腺癌中的表达量远高于正常组织[1]。在前列腺肿瘤中,TRPV6阳性提示肿瘤具有侵犯前列腺外组织和转移出前列腺包膜的能力,预示着疾病预后不良[26]。乳腺癌活检表明 TRPV6 mRNA表达量比正常乳腺组织高2~15倍[27],且在雌激素受体阴性的乳腺癌患者中TRPV6表达量增高与预后不良相关[28]。TRPV6也与胰腺癌的发展和预后直接相关,其表达量升高的患者存活率降低;体外实验证明,在胰腺癌细胞系中沉默TRPV6会减少癌细胞的增殖与侵袭能力,启动细胞凋亡,导致细胞周期停滞[29]。此外,TRPV6在结肠癌、卵巢癌、甲状腺癌中表达量较正常组织均有所升高[1]

  • 但TRPV6在部分肿瘤中呈现下调趋势。早期宫颈鳞状细胞癌中 TRPV6 mRNA和蛋白质水平均降低[30];在非小细胞肺癌患者中,TRPV6表达量的降低与中位生存时间缩短有关[31];TRPV6在食管鳞状细胞癌组织中下调,但尚无结论证实其与疾病特异性生存率显著相关[32]

  • TRPV6在肿瘤中的作用机制尚不清楚,可能与细胞钙依赖性增殖有关[33]。TRPV6上调后增加的胞内Ca2+ 会与钙调蛋白结合,进而激活钙调神经磷酸酶,导致过磷酸化的活化T细胞核因子(Nuclecor Factor of Activated T Cells,NFAT) 激活,NFAT进入细胞核后会促进细胞增殖及迁移的基因表达[34]。 NFAT增加具有抗凋亡能力的B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) 表达,阻止细胞凋亡的发生[35]。TRPV6也因此作为肿瘤治疗的靶点开展多项抗肿瘤研究。辣椒素对多种癌细胞显示出有效的抗肿瘤活性, Chow等首次证实辣椒素通过增加胃癌中的TRPV6表达使得细胞内Ca2+ 超载而引发细胞凋亡[36];Lau也通过体内实验发现辣椒素可抑制小细胞肺癌的生长,并在体外实验表明辣椒素通过TRPV6介导钙蛋白酶活性上调造成细胞凋亡[37]。Jiang等发现低浓度的利多卡因使表达TRPV6的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞、前列腺癌PC-3细胞和卵巢癌ES-2细胞降低侵袭与迁移能力[38]。 Xue等在种植过表达TRPV6的卵巢癌小鼠模型中腹腔注射400、600和800mg/kg的TRPV6拮抗肽SOR-C13,与对照组相比,注射SOR-C13的小鼠肿瘤生长速度分别被抑制了42.8%、49.0%和55.5%[39];该药物也已完成Ia期临床试验,结果表明54.5%使用SOR-C13的患者病情稳定,且未发生与药物相关的严重不良事件[40]

  • 6 TRPV6的调控

  • TRPV6的过表达或功能缺失会导致多种疾病的发生,如何精准调控TRPV6是靶向治疗的重点。维生素D3可上调TRPV6的表达,其活性形式1α, 25-二羟基维生素D3在体内通过结合维生素D受体(Vitamin D Receptor, VDR) 完成生物学效应, VDR与视黄醇X受体(Retinoid X Receptor, RXR) 形成的二聚体(VDR/RXR) 会与靶基因结合,调控基因表达[41];VDR/RXR可与TRPV6基因的2.1kb和4.3kb两个结合位点结合,在转录水平发挥调控作用[42];Ishizawa等[43] 表明1α,25-二羟基维生素D3还可通过激活p38MAPK通路和增加GADD45的表达,上调TRPV6的转录。

  • TRPV6的表达亦受其他核受体调节:雄激素受体激动剂可抑制TRPV6的表达,在雄激素依赖性前列腺癌细胞中使用雄激素治疗可降低80%的 TRPV6 mRNA表达[44];雌激素受体拮抗剂他莫昔芬也可下调乳腺癌细胞系T-47D中TRPV6的表达[27]。该调节模式可在TRPV6表达异常的疾病中有所运用。

  • 7 展望

  • TRPV6作为Ca2+ 高度选择的离子通道参与体内钙稳态调节,在胎盘、前列腺、消化道、外分泌胰腺等组织中广泛表达。其功能异常与新生儿疾病、骨与软骨异常、肾结石、炎症性肠病和慢性胰腺炎、肿瘤等多种疾病密切相关,通过抑制或过表达TRPV6会影响疾病的进程。多项研究探索TRPV6的调控机制并探索相应药物干预其表达,以SORC13为代表的药物研发开拓了TRPV6相关肿瘤的治疗新靶点。因此TRPV6具有作为肿瘤检测和评估预后的标志物以及疾病治疗靶点的潜力,具有临床转化的意义与价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] STEWART J M.TRPV6 as a target for cancer therapy[J].J Cancer,2020,11(2):374-387.

    • [2] VAN GOOR M K C,HOENDEROP J G J,VAN DER WIJST J.TRP channels in calcium homeostasis:from hormonal control to structure-function relationship of TRPV5 and TRPV6[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res,2017,1864(6):883-893.

    • [3] FECHER-TROSTC,WISSENBACHU,WEISSGERBERP.TRPV6:from identification to function[J].Cell Calcium,2017,67:116-122.

    • [4] FECHER-TROST C,WISSENBACH U,BECK A,et al.The in vivo TRPV6 protein starts at a non-AUG triplet,decoded as methionine,upstream of canonical initiation at AUG[J].J Biol Chem,2013,288(23):16629-16644.

    • [5] AUDRAN M.Bone metabolism during pregnancy and breast feeding.Osteoporosis in pregnancy[J].Rev Med Interne,1997,18(7):517-519.

    • [6] FECHER-TROST C,LUX F,BUSCH K M,et al.Maternal transient receptor potential vanilloid 6(Trpv6)is involved in offspring bone development[J].J Bone Miner Res,2019,34(4):699-710.

    • [7] BURREN C P,CASWELL R,CASTLE B,et al.TRPV6 compound heterozygous variants result in impaired placental calcium transport and severe undermineralization and dysplasia of the fetal skeleton[J].Am J Med Genet A,2018,176(9):1950-1955.

    • [8] SUZUKI Y,CHITAYAT D,SAWADA H,et al.TRPV6 variants interfere with maternal-fetal calcium transport through the placenta and cause transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism[J].Am J Hum Genet,2018,102(6):1104-1114.

    • [9] VAN DER EERDEN B C,WEISSGERBER P,FRATZLZELMAN N,et al.The transient receptor potential channel TRPV6 is dynamically expressed in bone cells but is not crucial for bone mineralization in mice[J].J Cell Physiol,2012,227(5):1951-1959.

    • [10] CHEN F,NI B,YANG Y O,et al.Knockout of TRPV6 causes osteopenia in mice by increasing osteoclastic differentiation and activity[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2014,33(3):796-809.

    • [11] MA J,ZHU L,ZHOU Z B,et al.The calcium channel TRPV6 is a novel regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation and bone absorption activity through the IGF-PI3K-AKT pathway[J].Cell Prolif,2021,54(1):e12955.

    • [12] SONG T F,MA J,GUO L,et al.Regulation of chondrocyte functions by transient receptor potential cation channel V6 in osteoarthritis[J].J Cell Physiol,2017,232(11):3170-3181.

    • [13] PAK C Y.Physiological basis for absorptive and renal hypercalciurias[J].Am J Physiol,1979,237(6):F415-423.

    • [14] BIANCO S D,PENG J B,TAKANAGA H,et al.Marked disturbance of calcium homeostasis in mice with targeted disruption of the Trpv6 calcium channel gene[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22(2):274-285.

    • [15] SUZUKI Y,PASCH A,BONNY O,et al.Gain-of-function haplotype in the epithelial calcium channel TRPV6 is a risk factor for renal calcium stone formation[J].Hum Mol Genet,2008,17(11):1613-1618.

    • [16] ZHANG X,JEFFERSON A B,AUETHAVEKIAT V,et al.The protein deficient in Lowe syndrome is a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1995,92(11):4853-4856.

    • [17] WU G J,ZHANG W,NA T,et al.Suppression of intestinal calcium entry channel TRPV6 by OCRL,a lipid phosphatase associated with Lowe syndrome and Dent disease[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2012,302(10):C1479-1491.

    • [18] YANG S S,HSU Y J,CHIGA M,et al.Mechanisms for hypercalciuriain pseudohypoaldosteronismtypeⅡ-causing WNK4 knock-in mice[J].Endocrinology,2010,151(4):1829-1836.

    • [19] TOLEDO MAURIÑO J J,FONSECA-CAMARILLO G,FURU-ZAWA-CARBALLEDA J,et al.TRPV subfamily(TRPV2,TRPV3,TRPV4,TRPV5,and TRPV6)gene and protein expression in patients with ulcerative colitis [J].J Immunol Res,2020,2020:2906845.

    • [20] HUYBERS S,APOSTOLAKI M,VAN DER EERDEN B C,et al.Murine TNF(DeltaARE)Crohn's disease model displays diminished expression of intestinal Ca2+ transporters[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2008,14(6):803-811.

    • [21] SALUJA A,DUDEJA V,DAWRA R,et al.Early intraacinar events in pathogenesis of pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2019,156(7):1979-1993.

    • [22] SOFIA V M,DA SACCO L,SURACE C,et al.Extensive molecular analysis suggested the strong genetic heterogeneity of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis[J].Mol Med,2016,22(1):300-309.

    • [23] MASAMUNE A,KOTANI H,SORGEL F L,et al.Variants that affect function of calcium channel TRPV6 are associated with early-onset chronic pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(6):1626-1641.e8.

    • [24] ZOU W B,WANG Y C,REN X L,et al.TRPV6 variants confer susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis in the Chinese population[J].Hum Mutat,2020,41(8):1351-1357.

    • [25] SAHIN-TÓTH M.Channelopathy of the pancreas causes chronic pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(6):1538-1540.

    • [26] WISSENBACH U,NIEMEYER B,HIMMERKUS N,et al.TRPV6 and prostate cancer:cancer growth beyond the prostate correlates with increased TRPV6 Ca2+ channel expression[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2004,322(4):1359-1363.

    • [27] BOLANZ K A,HEDIGER M A,LANDOWSKI C P.The role of TRPV6 in breast carcinogenesis[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2008,7(2):271-279.

    • [28] PETERS A A,SIMPSON P T,BASSETT J J,et al.Calcium channel TRPV6 as a potential therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2012,11(10):2158-2168.

    • [29] SONG H,DONG M,ZHOU J P,et al.Expression and prognostic significance of TRPV6 in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(3):1432-1440.

    • [30] SUN F,XIAO L,JANG X X,et al.TRPV6 is a prognostic marker in early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma [J].Tumour Biol,2016,37(12):15743-15751.

    • [31] FAN H,SHEN Y X,YUAN Y F.Expression and prognostic roles of TRPV5 and TRPV6 in non-small cell lung cancer after curative resection[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2014,15(6):2559-2563.

    • [32] ZHANG S S,XIE X,WEN J,et al.TRPV6 plays a new role in predicting survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Diagn Pathol,2016,11(1):14.

    • [33] SCHWARZ E C,WISSENBACH U,NIEMEYER BA,et al.TRPV6 potentiates calcium-dependent cell proliferation [J].Cell Calcium,2006,39(2):163-173.

    • [34] CRABTREE G R,OLSON E N.NFAT signaling:choreographing the social lives of cells[J].Cell,2002,109 Suppl:S67-79.

    • [35] GÓMEZ J,MARTÍNEZ-A C,GONZLÁEZ A,et al.The Bcl-2 gene is differentially regulated by IL-2 and IL-4:role of the transcription factor NF-AT[J].Oncogene,1998,17(10):1235-1243.

    • [36] CHOW J,NORNG M,ZHANG J,et al.TRPV6 mediates capsaicin-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells--Mechanisms behind a possible new "hot" cancer treatment [J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2007,1773(4):565-576.

    • [37] LAU J K,BROWN K C,DOM A M,et al.Capsaicin induces apoptosis in human small cell lung cancer via the TRPV6 receptor and the calpain pathway[J].Apoptosis,2014,19(8):1190-1201.

    • [38] JIANG Y,GOU H,ZHU J,et al.Lidocaine inhibits the invasion and migration of TRPV6-expressing cancer cells by TRPV6 downregulation[J].Oncol Lett,2016,12(2):1164-1170.

    • [39] XUE H,WANG Y Z,MACCORMACK T J,et al.Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 channel,elevated in human ovarian cancers,reduces tumour growth in a xenograft model[J].J Cancer,2018,9(17):3196-3207.

    • [40] FU S,HIRTE H,WELCH S,et al.Erratum to:first-inhuman phase I study of SOR-C13,a TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor,in patients with advanced solid tumors [J].Invest New Drugs,2017,35(3):397.

    • [41] CHRISTAKOS S,DHAWAN P,VERSTUYF A,et al.Vitamin D:metabolism,molecular mechanism of action,and pleiotropic effects[J].Physiol Rev,2016,96(1):365-408.

    • [42] MEYER M B,WATANUKI M,KIM S,et al.The human transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 distal promoter contains multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites that mediate activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal cells[J].Mol Endocrinol,2006,20(6):1447-1461.

    • [43] ISHIZAWA M,AKAGI D,YAMAMOTO J,et al.1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances TRPV6 transcription through p38 MAPK activation and GADD45 expression [J].J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2017,172:55-61.

    • [44] PENG J B,ZHUANG L,BERGER U V,et al.CaT1 expression correlates with tumor grade in prostate cancer [J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2001,282(3):729-734.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] STEWART J M.TRPV6 as a target for cancer therapy[J].J Cancer,2020,11(2):374-387.

    • [2] VAN GOOR M K C,HOENDEROP J G J,VAN DER WIJST J.TRP channels in calcium homeostasis:from hormonal control to structure-function relationship of TRPV5 and TRPV6[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res,2017,1864(6):883-893.

    • [3] FECHER-TROSTC,WISSENBACHU,WEISSGERBERP.TRPV6:from identification to function[J].Cell Calcium,2017,67:116-122.

    • [4] FECHER-TROST C,WISSENBACH U,BECK A,et al.The in vivo TRPV6 protein starts at a non-AUG triplet,decoded as methionine,upstream of canonical initiation at AUG[J].J Biol Chem,2013,288(23):16629-16644.

    • [5] AUDRAN M.Bone metabolism during pregnancy and breast feeding.Osteoporosis in pregnancy[J].Rev Med Interne,1997,18(7):517-519.

    • [6] FECHER-TROST C,LUX F,BUSCH K M,et al.Maternal transient receptor potential vanilloid 6(Trpv6)is involved in offspring bone development[J].J Bone Miner Res,2019,34(4):699-710.

    • [7] BURREN C P,CASWELL R,CASTLE B,et al.TRPV6 compound heterozygous variants result in impaired placental calcium transport and severe undermineralization and dysplasia of the fetal skeleton[J].Am J Med Genet A,2018,176(9):1950-1955.

    • [8] SUZUKI Y,CHITAYAT D,SAWADA H,et al.TRPV6 variants interfere with maternal-fetal calcium transport through the placenta and cause transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism[J].Am J Hum Genet,2018,102(6):1104-1114.

    • [9] VAN DER EERDEN B C,WEISSGERBER P,FRATZLZELMAN N,et al.The transient receptor potential channel TRPV6 is dynamically expressed in bone cells but is not crucial for bone mineralization in mice[J].J Cell Physiol,2012,227(5):1951-1959.

    • [10] CHEN F,NI B,YANG Y O,et al.Knockout of TRPV6 causes osteopenia in mice by increasing osteoclastic differentiation and activity[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2014,33(3):796-809.

    • [11] MA J,ZHU L,ZHOU Z B,et al.The calcium channel TRPV6 is a novel regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation and bone absorption activity through the IGF-PI3K-AKT pathway[J].Cell Prolif,2021,54(1):e12955.

    • [12] SONG T F,MA J,GUO L,et al.Regulation of chondrocyte functions by transient receptor potential cation channel V6 in osteoarthritis[J].J Cell Physiol,2017,232(11):3170-3181.

    • [13] PAK C Y.Physiological basis for absorptive and renal hypercalciurias[J].Am J Physiol,1979,237(6):F415-423.

    • [14] BIANCO S D,PENG J B,TAKANAGA H,et al.Marked disturbance of calcium homeostasis in mice with targeted disruption of the Trpv6 calcium channel gene[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22(2):274-285.

    • [15] SUZUKI Y,PASCH A,BONNY O,et al.Gain-of-function haplotype in the epithelial calcium channel TRPV6 is a risk factor for renal calcium stone formation[J].Hum Mol Genet,2008,17(11):1613-1618.

    • [16] ZHANG X,JEFFERSON A B,AUETHAVEKIAT V,et al.The protein deficient in Lowe syndrome is a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1995,92(11):4853-4856.

    • [17] WU G J,ZHANG W,NA T,et al.Suppression of intestinal calcium entry channel TRPV6 by OCRL,a lipid phosphatase associated with Lowe syndrome and Dent disease[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2012,302(10):C1479-1491.

    • [18] YANG S S,HSU Y J,CHIGA M,et al.Mechanisms for hypercalciuriain pseudohypoaldosteronismtypeⅡ-causing WNK4 knock-in mice[J].Endocrinology,2010,151(4):1829-1836.

    • [19] TOLEDO MAURIÑO J J,FONSECA-CAMARILLO G,FURU-ZAWA-CARBALLEDA J,et al.TRPV subfamily(TRPV2,TRPV3,TRPV4,TRPV5,and TRPV6)gene and protein expression in patients with ulcerative colitis [J].J Immunol Res,2020,2020:2906845.

    • [20] HUYBERS S,APOSTOLAKI M,VAN DER EERDEN B C,et al.Murine TNF(DeltaARE)Crohn's disease model displays diminished expression of intestinal Ca2+ transporters[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2008,14(6):803-811.

    • [21] SALUJA A,DUDEJA V,DAWRA R,et al.Early intraacinar events in pathogenesis of pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2019,156(7):1979-1993.

    • [22] SOFIA V M,DA SACCO L,SURACE C,et al.Extensive molecular analysis suggested the strong genetic heterogeneity of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis[J].Mol Med,2016,22(1):300-309.

    • [23] MASAMUNE A,KOTANI H,SORGEL F L,et al.Variants that affect function of calcium channel TRPV6 are associated with early-onset chronic pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(6):1626-1641.e8.

    • [24] ZOU W B,WANG Y C,REN X L,et al.TRPV6 variants confer susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis in the Chinese population[J].Hum Mutat,2020,41(8):1351-1357.

    • [25] SAHIN-TÓTH M.Channelopathy of the pancreas causes chronic pancreatitis[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(6):1538-1540.

    • [26] WISSENBACH U,NIEMEYER B,HIMMERKUS N,et al.TRPV6 and prostate cancer:cancer growth beyond the prostate correlates with increased TRPV6 Ca2+ channel expression[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2004,322(4):1359-1363.

    • [27] BOLANZ K A,HEDIGER M A,LANDOWSKI C P.The role of TRPV6 in breast carcinogenesis[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2008,7(2):271-279.

    • [28] PETERS A A,SIMPSON P T,BASSETT J J,et al.Calcium channel TRPV6 as a potential therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2012,11(10):2158-2168.

    • [29] SONG H,DONG M,ZHOU J P,et al.Expression and prognostic significance of TRPV6 in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(3):1432-1440.

    • [30] SUN F,XIAO L,JANG X X,et al.TRPV6 is a prognostic marker in early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma [J].Tumour Biol,2016,37(12):15743-15751.

    • [31] FAN H,SHEN Y X,YUAN Y F.Expression and prognostic roles of TRPV5 and TRPV6 in non-small cell lung cancer after curative resection[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2014,15(6):2559-2563.

    • [32] ZHANG S S,XIE X,WEN J,et al.TRPV6 plays a new role in predicting survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Diagn Pathol,2016,11(1):14.

    • [33] SCHWARZ E C,WISSENBACH U,NIEMEYER BA,et al.TRPV6 potentiates calcium-dependent cell proliferation [J].Cell Calcium,2006,39(2):163-173.

    • [34] CRABTREE G R,OLSON E N.NFAT signaling:choreographing the social lives of cells[J].Cell,2002,109 Suppl:S67-79.

    • [35] GÓMEZ J,MARTÍNEZ-A C,GONZLÁEZ A,et al.The Bcl-2 gene is differentially regulated by IL-2 and IL-4:role of the transcription factor NF-AT[J].Oncogene,1998,17(10):1235-1243.

    • [36] CHOW J,NORNG M,ZHANG J,et al.TRPV6 mediates capsaicin-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells--Mechanisms behind a possible new "hot" cancer treatment [J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2007,1773(4):565-576.

    • [37] LAU J K,BROWN K C,DOM A M,et al.Capsaicin induces apoptosis in human small cell lung cancer via the TRPV6 receptor and the calpain pathway[J].Apoptosis,2014,19(8):1190-1201.

    • [38] JIANG Y,GOU H,ZHU J,et al.Lidocaine inhibits the invasion and migration of TRPV6-expressing cancer cells by TRPV6 downregulation[J].Oncol Lett,2016,12(2):1164-1170.

    • [39] XUE H,WANG Y Z,MACCORMACK T J,et al.Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 channel,elevated in human ovarian cancers,reduces tumour growth in a xenograft model[J].J Cancer,2018,9(17):3196-3207.

    • [40] FU S,HIRTE H,WELCH S,et al.Erratum to:first-inhuman phase I study of SOR-C13,a TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor,in patients with advanced solid tumors [J].Invest New Drugs,2017,35(3):397.

    • [41] CHRISTAKOS S,DHAWAN P,VERSTUYF A,et al.Vitamin D:metabolism,molecular mechanism of action,and pleiotropic effects[J].Physiol Rev,2016,96(1):365-408.

    • [42] MEYER M B,WATANUKI M,KIM S,et al.The human transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 distal promoter contains multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites that mediate activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal cells[J].Mol Endocrinol,2006,20(6):1447-1461.

    • [43] ISHIZAWA M,AKAGI D,YAMAMOTO J,et al.1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances TRPV6 transcription through p38 MAPK activation and GADD45 expression [J].J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2017,172:55-61.

    • [44] PENG J B,ZHUANG L,BERGER U V,et al.CaT1 expression correlates with tumor grade in prostate cancer [J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2001,282(3):729-734.