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银屑病是一种以表皮增生和真皮炎症细胞浸润为特征的慢性炎症性系统性疾病[1]。该病的发病率与种族、地理位置、环境等因素有关,其在美国的发病率约为2.7%,我国银屑病的患病率约为0.46%[2]。
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目前认为,银屑病发病机制的核心为树突状细胞受刺激后产生TNF-α、IL-23等细胞因子,IL-23刺激Th17细胞产生IL-17与IL-22,通过JAK-STAT通路与TNF-α 共同作用于表皮角质形成细胞,导致银屑病的各种表现[3]。此外,银屑病也可由局部因素(皮肤损伤、刮擦)、系统因素(链球菌和HIV感染等)、心理压力、药物(锂剂、β-受体阻滞剂、干扰素和抗疟药) 等诱发[4]。
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银屑病作为一种全身性疾病,严重降低了患者的生活质量。近年来生物制剂治疗的兴起极大地缓解了中、重度银屑病患者的病情,并提高了其生活质量,银屑病治疗由传统治疗向生物制剂时代转变[5]。针对银屑病发病过程的致病细胞、细胞因子及信号通路,其主要免疫治疗靶点有TNF-α、IL-23及IL-17等。此外,JAK(Janus Kinase) 抑制剂、芳香烃受体(AhR) 激动剂、Rho相关激酶(ROCK2) 抑制剂及1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体(S1PR) 激动剂对银屑病也具有一定疗效。
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1 TNF-α
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TNF-α抑制剂作为治疗银屑病的第一代生物制剂,于2004年正式在美国获批,包括依那西普、英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗及赛妥珠单抗,与可溶性及细胞膜表面的TNF-α 结合,使其丧失活性,达到治疗效果。阿达木单抗通过建立人类噬菌体展示库提高抗体结合亲和力,生产全人源化IgG单克隆抗体以降低其免疫源性,维持长期疗效,并降低过敏反应率[6]。TNF-α 抑制剂,尤其是阿达木单抗,以其较高的改善率、较长的疗效维持时间及较低的免疫原性,被广泛应用于临床治疗中。
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2 IL-23
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IL-23由树突状细胞产生及活化的巨噬细胞产生,其作用主要受Th17细胞、γδT细胞、NKT细胞亚型及3型天然淋巴样细胞(ILC3s) 调节[7]。IL-23促进促炎症介质IL-17、IL-22、粒细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF) 的产生,这些致病介质促进粒细胞与巨噬细胞募集与活化,导致组织的慢性炎症损害,最终发展为银屑病的临床症状[8, 9]。
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IL-23是由p40与p19两个亚基构成的异二聚体,p40亚基为IL-12与IL-23所共有,这些亚基分别与细胞膜受体复合物IL-12Rβ1、IL-23R结合[10]。优特克单抗以p40为结合靶点,阻断IL-12和IL-23与IL-12Rβ1的结合以降低其产生的炎症反应,使用45mg和90mg优特克单抗后第12周的银屑病面积和严重程度指数(Psoriasis Area and Severity In⁃ dex,PASI) 改善率达75%(PASI75) 的患者分别占67.5%和73.8%[11]。Guselkumab、Risankizumab、 Tildrakizumab可特异结合p19亚基,治疗16周时,100mg Guselkumab组PASI75、90、100的患者比例分别为91.2%、 73.3%及37.4%; 150mg Risanki⁃ zumab组各为90.8%、74.8%、50.7%[12,13]。使用100mg Tildrakizumab治疗28周时,PASI75、90、100的患者比例各为77%、54%、23%[14]。期间常见的不良反应为鼻咽炎、上呼吸道感染及头痛与乏力[10-13]。相比于TNF-α抑制剂,IL-23抑制剂疗效更佳,可使部分患者PASI改善率达到100%。
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3 IL-17
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IL-17家族在感染、炎症反应、自身免疫及肿瘤的免疫应答中起关键作用[15, 16]。IL-17家族包括IL-17A、IL-17B、IL-17C、IL-17D、IL-17E、IL-17F和IL-17AF,其中IL-17A与人类健康和疾病最相关[15, 16]。 IL-17A源于造血细胞,包括Th17、 CD8+细胞毒T细胞(Tc17)、γδT细胞、自然杀伤细胞、ILC3和“自然”Th17细胞[17-20]。IL-17受体(IL-17R) 由IL-17RA、IL-17RB、IL-17RC、IL-17RD及IL-17RE组成, IL-17A、 IL-17F及IL-17AF均与由IL-17RA和IL-17RC形成的异二聚体IL-17R结合,最近研究表明,IL-17A也可与IL-17RA和IL-17RD构成的异二聚体结合[15, 16, 21, 22]。角质形成细胞表达IL-17RA/IL-17RC及IL-17RA/IL-17RD,IL-17A与其结合后促使差异基因转录[21]。
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银屑病皮损中的IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-17C的表达上调[23-25]。最近研究发现IL-17C导致表皮增厚和中性粒细胞浸润,抗IL-17C抗体在小鼠试验中体现出显著疗效,但目前普遍认为IL-17A为IL-17家族中的最强致病因子[26, 27]。目前抗IL-17A生物制剂包括司库奇尤单抗(全人源IgGκ抗体)、依奇珠单抗(全人源IgG4抗体)、Brodalumab(全人源IgG2抗体),此三种药物疗效显著,12周的PASI90高达60%~70%[28]。由于IgG4具有低补体亲和力并对C1q和Fc受体具有较低亲和力,它不能诱导补体介导的细胞毒(CDC) 效应,并且引起炎症应答的能力微弱,甚至能抑制其他抗体引起的炎症,具有一定的抗炎活性,因而降低了不良反应发生率[29]。此外,由于IL-12/23促使Th17细胞产生IL-17,IL-12/IL-23抑制剂乌司奴单抗也间接抑制IL-17产生,达到治疗目的[30]。与IL-23抑制剂相比, IL-17A抑制剂显示出了更好的皮损全面清除能力, PASI100的患者占比更高。
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4 JAK-STAT通路
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JAK家族为细胞内酪氨酸蛋白激酶,包括JAK1、JAK2、JAK3及TYK2;STAT家族包括STAT1、 STAT2、STAT3、STAT4、STAT5a、STAT5b、STAT6。 IL-23受体与其他1型或2型细胞因子受体相同,均依赖JAK-STAT通路。IL-23受体与JAK2、TYK2及STAT3有关,JAKs的活化促使位于JAK自身及IL-23受体胞质尾区内的酪氨酸残基磷酸化,通过SH2结构域(Src Homology 2Domains) 形成STAT3单体的对接位点。活化的JAK使STAT3单体磷酸化,促使二聚体形成,导致核转位及DNA与靶基因启动子的结合[31, 32]。因此,使用小分子抑制剂抑制JAKs活性具有较好的治疗前景,目前JAK抑制剂已进入银屑病治疗的临床试验[33]。
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Tofacitinib为第一代JAK抑制剂,其靶点为JAK3、JAK2与JAK1[33]。Ⅲ期试验中,Tofacitinib5mg每日2次组在治疗16-24周后,PASI75的患者比例为39.5%~54.3%, 10mg每日2次组为59.2%~81.1%[34-37]。试验期间观察到的不良反应主要有血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的升高及血红蛋白、淋巴细胞计数降低等,严重不良反应包括心绞痛、肾盂肾炎、尿路败血症及心房颤动[38]。
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TYK2抑制剂BMS-986165为选择性更强的JAK抑制剂,Ⅱ期试验中,患者予每日12mg的BMS-986165,12周时PASI75的患者占75%[33]。
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TYK2/JAK1抑制剂PF-06700841正处于Ⅱ期试验[39],其直接抑制TYK2依赖的IL-12、IL-23信号及JAK1依赖的细胞内信号,如T细胞和角质形成细胞[40]。PF-06700841抑制依赖TYK2或JAK1传导信号的促炎症反应因子,从而缓解慢性斑块型银屑病的临床症状[40]。由于众多细胞因子如IL-12/23、 IFN-γ等均依赖JAK家族活化发挥作用,因此JAK抑制剂可抑制一系列细胞因子的活性,这就打破了以往生物制剂的局限。
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5 芳香烃受体(Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor, AhR)
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AhR为一种胞内配体激活受体及转录因子,在皮肤细胞中广泛表达[41, 42]。代谢活化酶细胞色素P4501A1(CYP1A1) 使AhR活化并诱发氧化应激,这种氧化应激可经核因子E2相关因子2(NRF2)转录因子消除[43]。此外,AhR调节Th17/22系统的平衡,在银屑病的发展中起重要作用[43]。最近研究发现,在银屑病特异AhR敲除小鼠中,真皮血管内皮细胞中的AhR经黏附分子ICAM-1使中性粒细胞募集下调[44]。
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AhR激动剂Tapinarof在体外人类皮肤研究中表现出使Th17细胞因子如IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-22减少的特点[45]。咪喹莫特小鼠模型中,Tapinarof使炎症反应、表皮增厚减轻,并能使IL-17、IL-19、 IL-22、IL-23等促炎症反应因子减少,此外,还发现Tapinarof具有抗氧化活性[45]。Tapinarof已进行Ⅱ 期临床试验,每日2次外用1%Tapinarof 12周后, PASI75的患者占比达65%,每日1次外用1%Tap⁃ inarof 12周后PASI75的患者占比达56%。试验期间46%的患者发生不良反应事件,大多数不良反应为轻至重度,包括毛囊炎及接触性皮炎[46]。AhR激动剂主要适用于受累面积较小而未达到生物制剂使用标准的患者,其外用剂型使用方便,依从性高,且与传统的外用药如维生素D类似物、糖皮质激素相比,具有疗效好且不良反应少的优点。
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6 Rho相关激酶(Rho-associated Kinase, ROCK2)
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Rho激酶家族成员是一种由Rho鸟苷三磷酸(GTP) 酶激活的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,由ROCK1与ROCK2组成,它能调节细胞下游靶点的氧化磷酸化[47]。Ⅰ期试验表明,仅ROCK2促使转录水平调节从而影响人类IL-17、IL-21的分泌,选择性ROCK2抑制剂KD025通过抑制STAT3氧化磷酸化导致IL-17与IL-21分泌下调[47]。在Ⅱ期试验中, 12周的KD025口服治疗显著降低了IL-17及IL-23水平,并使免疫抑制因子IL-10水平增加,但未发现TNF-α、IL-6水平改变[48]。12周治疗后,400mg一日1次口服组中有42%的患者PASI改善率达50%,而400mg一日2次口服组中PASI改善率达50%的患者仅占29%,表明较低剂量的KD025治疗可能达到更好的临床疗效[48]。研究证明,选择性ROCK2抑制剂下调Th17所致的自身免疫应答,并通过相关细胞因子的调节,改善银屑病患者的临床症状,且未对其他免疫功能造成不良影响[48]。 ROCK2抑制剂为口服制剂,尽管在目前的小样本试验中所显示的疗效未及甲氨蝶呤、JAK抑制剂等药物,但其有效性仍值得大样本试验继续评估。
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7 1-磷酸鞘氨醇(Sphingosine-1-Phosphate, S1P)
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神经鞘氨醇为一组包含着鞘氨醇基的脂质,其在人类表皮的结构与生物功能中均起重要作用[49]。神经鞘氨醇经神经鞘氨醇激酶作用后产生S1P, S1P抑制角质形成细胞增生并诱导其分化[49]。S1P通过5种G蛋白偶联受体发挥作用,分别称为S1P受体(S1PR) 1-5[50]。S1PR1表达于淋巴细胞中,控制淋巴细胞在胸腺与次级淋巴器官的释放[51]。 S1PR1调节器是导致S1PR1内在化的低分子量复合物,因而剥夺淋巴细胞从次级淋巴器官释出所需的信号,大部分循环淋巴细胞因而被隔离于淋巴结中,以降低外周淋巴细胞计数及淋巴细胞向外周组织运输,从而达到治疗目的[52]。
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Ponesimod是一种口服选择性S1PR1激动剂,可阻断T细胞从淋巴结的释出[53]。Ⅱ期试验中,于16周治疗后PASI改善率达75%的患者在20mg组及40mg组分别占46%、48.1%;28周后PASI改善率达75%的患者在20mg组及40mg组分别占71.4%、77.4%[54]。维持期中,持续20mg Ponesimod口服治疗的患者复发率为6.5%,持续40mg Ponesimod口服治疗的患者复发率低至2%[54]。试验期间常见的不良反应包括呼吸困难,谷丙转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶升高及头痛等,多为轻至中度;观察到的严重不良反应为黄斑水肿,其在用药后10日内缓解并未遗留后遗症[54]。Ponesimod对中度至重度斑块型银屑病具有较好疗效,但其安全性仍需大样本试验进一步评估。
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8 小结
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银屑病作为一种严重影响患者生活质量的慢性炎症性疾病,其传统治疗如甲氨蝶呤、阿维A等治疗效果有限且有较多不良反应,而将银屑病致病因子作为治疗靶点的生物制剂具有见效快、不良反应较少的优势,将更广泛地应用于银屑病治疗中。目前应用较多的TNF-α、IL-23、IL-17激动剂均靶向阻断特异细胞因子以达到治疗目的;而JAK抑制剂通过抑制细胞信号通路中的关键蛋白,可达到一种药物抑制多种细胞因子的效果;AhR激动剂作为靶向外用制剂,在受累面积较小的轻至中度患者中具有较好的应用前景;ROCK2抑制剂及S1PR1激动剂在小样本试验中显示出较好的治疗潜力,但仍需大样本试验完善疗效及安全性评估。除上述已在临床应用或正处于临床试验的靶向药物外,尚有更多治疗靶点亟待研究并转化至临床应用中,使银屑病的治疗方案不断优化,以达到更精准、更安全的治疗效果。
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摘要
银屑病是一种慢性炎症性多系统疾病,严重损害患者的生活质量。白细胞介素 (Interleukin,IL) 23/IL17轴在银屑病的发展中起重要作用,免疫相关细胞及各种细胞因子诸如干扰素 (Interferon,IFN) α、肿瘤坏死因子 (Tumor Necro‐ sis Factor,TNF) α、IFN-γ、IL-12、IL-22、IL-23及IL-17等,均与银屑病的发病机制有关。以此为基础的生物制剂如TNFα抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂及IL-17抑制剂等在临床治疗中表现出了更好的疗效,但未能达到治愈银屑病的目的。目前有更多的治疗靶点如JAK STAT通路、芳香烃受体、Rho相关激酶等正处于研究或临床试验中,本文总结了多种银屑病治疗靶点及其靶向药物,为未来银屑病治疗靶点的临床转化提供参考。
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory systemic disorder with a decrease on the quality of life. The interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Im‐ mune cells and various cytokines are involved, including interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-22, IL-23 and IL-17. Based on elucidated pathogenesis, biologics targeting TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17 have been approved in the treatment of psoriasis and achieved satisfying efficacy. However, it' s still far from complete cure. At present, more therapeutic targets are under research or in clinical trials, such as JAK-STAT pathway, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and Rho-associated kinase. This review summarizes therapeutic targets and biologics of psoriasis and provides a reference for the clinical transformation of promising therapeutic targets.
Keywords
Psoriasis ; IL-23 ; IL-17 ; JAK inhibitor ; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; Clinical transformation