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通讯作者:

江东(1980-),男,四川南充人,博士生导师,主要从事运动创伤的研究。E-mail:bysyjiangdong@126.com

中图分类号:R602,R683

文献标识码:A

文章编号:2096-8965(2021)01-0095-060

DOI:10.12287/j.issn.2096-8965.20210114

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参考文献 16
SNEPPEN O,CHRISTENSEN S B,KROGSOE O,et al.Fracture of the body of the talus[J].Acta OrthopaedicaScandinavica,1977,48(3):317-324.
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
VALLIER H A,NORK S E,BAREI D P,et al.Talar neck fractures:results and outcomes[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),2004,86(8):1616-1624.
目录contents

    摘要

    目的获得距骨内微小动脉三维结构模型,对临床上不同分型的距骨骨折的预后做出更精确的解释和预测。方法对 12 例新鲜尸体下肢行股动脉插管并灌注铅造影剂。距骨取材,进行 microCT 扫描并且重建高精度模型,图像最终分辨率为 52.30 μm。最终获得距骨周围与距骨内血管在各个切面的图像,观察距骨表面动脉与骨内分支的走行和分布,并计数动脉的骨内分支数。结果距骨骨外血管集中分布于表面的韧带和关节囊内。距骨表面主要有 4 大血管分布区域,分别为跗骨管-跗骨窦区、距骨颈上表面、距骨体内侧面和后结节区。距骨颈周围血管环由跗骨管-跗骨窦区和距骨颈上表面的骨外血管连接而成(骨内分支数分别为 5.1±1.3 和 5.6±1.9),是距骨的主要血供来源,分支分布于距骨头、距骨颈和大部分距骨体,并有丰富的吻合。此外,距骨体还接受距骨体内侧面(骨内分支 3.2±1.4)和后结节区(骨内分支 0.7±0.5)的骨内分支的血供。结论血管环是距骨的主要血供来源,骨内分支有丰富吻合。 距骨颈骨折的坏死风险取决于该分型对血管环骨内分支和吻合的破坏程度。 距骨体矢状面骨折和粉碎骨折对血管环的骨内分支的破坏较大,缺血坏死风险相对高。距骨头血供丰富,骨折时缺血坏死的可能小。

    Abstract

    Objective To acquire three-dimensional intraosseous artery of the talus in order to interpret the prognosis of talus fractures. Methods Lower extremities of twelve fresh corpses were acquired. The femoral arteries in the femoral triangle were cannulated and manually perfused with lead-based contrast agent. Every harvested talus was scanned using a microCT scanner (Inveon, Siemens Ltd., USA). The 3D high-accuracy models of the talus were generated at 52.30 μm. The distribution and pattern of arteries in each section were obtained and the intraosseous branches were counted. Results The numerous extraosseous arteries were mainly running in the articular capsules and ligaments around the talus. We identified four vascular zones on the talus surface including tarsal canal-tarsal sinus, superior talus neck, medial talus body and posterior tubercle. A vessel ring around the talus neck was formed by the anastomosing of the extraosseous vessels in the tarsal canal-tarsal sinus and on the superior talus neck (the number of intraosseous branches are 5.1±1.3 and 5.6±1.9), which was the primary blood supply of the talus. The intraosseous branches of the ring were distributed in the talus head, talus neck and most of the talus body with abundant anastomoses. Besides from the ring, the talus body also received intraosseous blood supply from medial talus body (3.2±1.4 intraosseous branches) and posterior tubercle (0.7±0.5 intraosseous branches). Conclusion A severer destruction of the intraosseous branches of vascular ring resulting from talus neck fracture would pose a higher risk of talus avascular necrosis. As for talus body, the sagittal fracture and comminuted fracture caused relatively more damage to the intraosseous branches of vascular ring, thus leading to an increased potential of avascular necrosis. The osteonecrosis due to talar head fractures is rare because of the rich blood supply of talar head.

    关键词

    距骨骨内血管microCT骨折

  • 距骨骨折在所有跗骨损伤的发病率中排名第二 [1],最常见的原因是高能创伤造成足踝的强迫背屈,如从高处跌落或车祸事故 [2]。由于距骨表面关节软骨覆盖广而血管入口少,距骨骨折易对血管造成较大的损伤,常并发缺血坏死,造成严重的残疾 [3, 4]。过去大多采用X线下造影剂灌注等方法来研究距骨内血管解剖学 [5-7],骨内微小动脉多存在重叠而无法显示清楚,也不能清楚描述骨内分支的立体分布,难以预测骨折后缺血坏死风险,因此需要更精细的方法进一步识别距骨骨内分支的具体情况。本研究的目的在于借助显微计算机断层扫描(Micro-computed Tomography, microCT)成像,扫描距骨内微小动脉并进行三维重建,建立高分辨率的距骨内动脉的三维结构模型,显示距骨内微小动脉的来源、走行、分布和吻合状况,对临床上距骨不同骨折类型的预后做出更精确的解释和预测,并为手术提供参考,以期降低缺血坏死风险。

  • 1 资料与方法

  • 研究使用了12例新鲜尸体脚踝标本(10名男性标本和2名女性标本)。所有标本均取自无偿遗体捐献者,生前同意遗体用于医学教学和科学研究,均签署遗体捐献同意书,并经北京市公证部门公证。6个距骨取自右侧,6个取自左侧。捐献者年龄45~85岁,平均63岁。排除下肢外伤、既往膝关节手术、瘫痪、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、骨骼畸形、白血病、死前长期卧床等可能影响血管灌注的标本。

  • 在实验室内将Pb3O4( Sinopharm ChemicalReagent Beijing Co., Ltd.) 磨成40 μm以下的颗粒,分别以1g:1.5mL、1g:1mL和1g:0.5mL的比例与松节油( 北京华宝化学试剂有限公司) 混合形成均匀的悬浊灌注液。于股三角内分离股动脉,行股动脉插管,依次灌注90mL 1:1.5、60mL 1:1、15mL 1:0.5的悬浊液。切开标本的脚趾远端皮肤,通过造影剂的流出情况判断灌注的充分性。灌注24h后距骨取材并用microCT扫描,若扫描结果中未观察到造影剂则认为标本灌注失败。

  • 使用microCT扫描仪(Inveon, Siemens Ltd., USA) 扫描标本。参数设置如下:扫描参数为Total Rotation [Degrees] 360,Rotation Steps 360。 X线检测参数为Transaxial2048,Axial2048,曝光参数为1500ms,Binning1。系统分辨率为Low。X线管参数为80kV,500mA。重建参数为Down sample factor 2。图像最终分辨率为52.30 μm/像素。采用Multimodal3D Visualization模式生成距骨三维模型( 见图1)。可以识别的最小动脉直径约为50 μm。观察距骨表面与内部血管的分支分布,并且计数骨内的分支(定义为由骨外动脉发出的进入骨内的第一级主干血管)。统计的定量数据用均数 ± 标准差(x-±s)表示。

  • 2 结果

  • 距骨可分为头、颈、体、突4部分。距骨头斜向前内下方。距骨颈横截面积最小。距骨体形似一不规则立方体,前宽后窄。距骨突包括外侧突和后突(见图1)。距骨与邻近结构形成7个关节面,分别对应胫骨远端、外踝、内踝、舟骨以及跟骨前、中、后三个距下关节面。

  • 图1 距骨分区的microCT重建图及分区示例

  • 距骨microCT构建的三维模型显示:距骨的非关节面表面主要有4大血管分布区域,分别为跗骨管-跗骨窦区、距骨颈上表面、距骨体内侧面和后结节区(见表1)。距骨表面存在丰富的动脉网,吻合支多见,主要分布于韧带和关节囊内。距骨表面存在大量的滋养孔,集中在距骨颈的上、外、下面及距骨体内面,以距骨颈下面最多、最大。距骨关节面处没有动脉分支进入骨内(见图2)。

  • 表1 距骨表面的主要骨外血管分布区及其骨内分支的数目和分布

  • 图2 距骨的三维模型显示了距骨外血管区及其骨内分支的延伸方向和分布区域

  • 跗骨管-跗骨窦区主要走行的是跗骨管动脉与跗骨窦动脉,二者在跗骨管区吻合并发出数个小动脉向上进入距骨体(见图2C),分支分布于距骨头下部、距骨颈下部及距骨体大部分,其中最大的小动脉在距骨体中1/3进入骨内。向上延伸的骨内分支与来自距骨颈上表面的骨内动脉广泛吻合,向内延伸的分支与来自距骨体内侧面的骨内动脉吻合(见图2B)。骨外的跗骨窦动脉于跗骨窦区连接前方的颈上支。

  • 距骨颈上表面主要由颈上支覆盖,沿距骨颈向外走行,与跗骨窦动脉连接,在骨外围绕距骨颈形成跗骨管动脉-跗骨窦动脉-颈上支血管环(见图2A),是距骨的主要血供来源。向内走行与距骨体内侧面的三角支连接。该区域血管的骨内分支主要分布于距骨头上部和距骨颈上部,向内上方延伸到达距骨穹顶的软骨下区;向下延伸与来自跗骨管-跗骨窦区的骨内动脉广泛吻合,向内后方延伸与来自距骨体内侧面的骨内动脉吻合(见图2B)。

  • 距骨体内侧面主要覆盖三角支(见图2E),向前方和外侧走行连接颈上支和跗骨窦动脉。不同标本间三角支的数量和大小各不相同,一些标本具有丰富的三角支,而另一些标本三角支稀疏。距骨体内侧面的骨内分支分布于距骨体内侧1/3,向外延伸与来自跗骨管-跗骨窦区的微小动脉吻合,向后延伸与后结节区的骨内分支存在少量吻合,该处动脉密度较低(见图2A)。

  • 后结节区表面的动脉相对较少(见图2A)。该区域进入骨内的动脉分支比其他各区显得细小且稀疏, 8例仅有1支主干血管,4例无主干血管。仅分布于距跟关节附近的距骨体下部(见图2E),对整个距骨体血流灌注的影响有限。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究应用microCT重建高分辨率的距骨内动脉三维结构模型,主要发现距骨骨外血管集中分布于表面的韧带和关节囊内,关节面处没有血管进入。非关节面表面主要有4大血管分布区域,分别为跗骨管-跗骨窦区、距骨颈上表面、距骨体内侧面和后结节区。距骨头和距骨颈接受了来自跗骨管跗骨窦区和距骨颈上表面的骨内分支,距骨体接受了来自跗骨管-跗骨窦区、距骨颈上表面、距骨体内侧面和后结节区的骨内分支。其中,跗骨管-跗骨窦区和距骨颈上表面的骨外血管连接形成距骨颈周围血管环,分支分布于距骨头、距骨颈和大部分距骨体,并有丰富的吻合,是距骨的主要血供来源。

  • 1940年,Phemister[8] 通过对一例左踝距骨颈骨折患者的X线片和显微切片观察,认为距骨的血液供应主要来自胫前动脉。McKeever[9] 运用灌注显像的方法得到同样的结果。然而,Wildenauer[10] 首次描述了一条起源于胫后动脉的血管,认为它在踝平面的分支也是距骨最重要的动脉之一,并命名为跗骨管动脉。Mulfi nger等 [7] 利用Spalteholz技术对下肢灌注标本切片观察,认为跗骨管动脉连同跗骨窦动脉才是距骨的主要血供来源。1983年, Gelberman等 [6] 借助次氯酸钠等化学试剂清除距骨表面软组织,直接观察骨内外血管,认为跗骨管动脉提供了距骨的大部分血供,三角支和跗骨窦动脉次之,颈上支和后结节支作用最小。以往研究的化学试剂可能破坏骨内微小血管,X线成像又存在微小动脉重叠,无法准确还原距骨内动脉走行和分布。本研究应用microCT技术,有效避免骨内分支重叠,且成像的分辨率可达微米级,血管分布可精确到毛细血管层面,显示更加精确。本研究发现距骨的主要血供来自距骨颈周围血管环,三角支在部分标本中起代偿作用,而后结节支的血流灌注作用有限。

  • 美国骨科创伤协会(Orthopaedic Trauma Association, OTA) 将距骨骨折分为颈部骨折、体部骨折和头部骨折。距骨颈骨折占距骨骨折的50%以上,是临床最常见的距骨骨折类型 [11]。1970年, Hawkins[12] 将距骨颈部骨折分为三型:Ⅰ型:无移位骨折;Ⅱ型:移位骨折,伴距下关节脱位;Ⅲ 型:移位骨折,伴距下、胫距关节脱位。Canale与Kelly等 [3] 对Hawkins分型进行改良,增加了 Ⅳ 型:移位骨折,伴距下、胫距、距舟关节脱位。先前的研究报道距骨颈骨折后距骨缺血坏死的发生率如下:Hawkins Ⅰ型5%~15%,Ⅱ 型20%~50%, Ⅲ 型80%~100%,Ⅳ型近乎100%[12-14]。2017年, Jordan等 [15] 关于距骨颈骨折并发症的系统综述报道了更低的坏死风险,说明随着血管破坏数目的增加,距骨坏死风险增高,并且整体坏死风险低于以往研究报道。

  • 本研究通过microCT重建了距骨内微小动脉三维模型,可以尝试对此进行解释:Ⅰ型的骨折线在距下关节的中后面之间,只有距骨颈上表面的血管受损,由于该处动脉在骨外与跗骨管及跗骨窦动脉连接形成血管环,在骨内与来自距骨体内侧面和跗骨管-跗骨窦区的骨内动脉有丰富的吻合,仅此损伤时距骨体容易得到来自其他动脉的代偿,几乎不发生缺血坏死。Ⅱ型骨折由于发生距下关节脱位,距骨颈上表面和跗骨管-跗骨窦区走行的动脉均受累,血管环及其骨内分支破坏较重,距骨体缺血坏死的发生率明显上升。但Ⅱ型骨折未损伤距骨体内侧面的三角支,仍可通过骨内向前外延伸的与血管环骨内分支的吻合来部分代偿距骨体的血供,极大地增加了距骨存活的可能。Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折时距骨体往往被挤向内后方嵌顿于跟骨与胫骨间,血管环和距骨体内侧面的血管均受损,而后结节区的骨内分支又相对细小和稀疏,只分布于距骨体后下部,仅向前与距骨体内侧面的骨内分支存在少量吻合,单纯靠此难以维持距骨体的血供,骨坏死发生率显著上升。

  • Sneppen根据解剖位置将距骨体骨折分为6型: A软骨或骨软骨骨折;B冠状面骨折;C矢状面骨折;D后结节骨折;E侧突骨折;F粉碎性骨折 [16]。过去研究认为,距骨体骨折分类并不有助于对应的预后判断 [4]。2003年,Vallier等 [17] 收集距骨体骨折患者的影像学资料,报道坏死率为38%。Ebraheim等 [18] 也报道了37%的比例。但是他们都未对其做出进一步的解释。本研究发现血管环是距骨的主要血供来源,而距骨体骨折以矢状面骨折和粉碎骨折对血管环的骨内分支破坏较大,推测缺血坏死风险较其他型更高。临床上单纯的距骨头骨折较少见 [19]。Higgins等 [20] 通过文献综述报道距骨头骨折仅有5%~10%的坏死率。本研究的结果显示距骨头由血管环供应,且有距骨体内侧面的骨内分支加入,是距骨血供最丰富之处,缺血坏死的可能性较小。

  • 虽然本研究应用microCT成功重建距骨内微小动脉三维结构模型,精准显示了骨内分支的来源、走行、分布和吻合,但仍存在一些局限性。首先,标本捐献者的平均年龄为63岁,而现实中距骨骨折患者的年龄普遍更小 [21-23],导致本研究的外推性可能不足。第二,本研究没有制作前后对比的骨折标本,也没有用计算机进行模拟骨折,研究结果只能用作解释和推测,缺少更有说服力的直接证据。第三,距骨骨折的临床诊疗中要同时考虑动静脉系统,而本研究未显示和重建静脉,不能准确反映距骨的整体血流关系。

  • 综上所述,血管环是距骨的主要血供来源。距骨颈I型骨折由于血管环损伤小和骨内分支代偿丰富,距骨缺血坏死风险低;Ⅱ型骨折破坏血管环,但有距骨体内侧面的骨内分支代偿,距骨坏死风险轻度升高;Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折时距骨血供主要靠后结节区骨内分支的供应,距骨坏死概率大大提高。距骨体矢状面骨折和粉碎骨折对血管环的骨内分支的破坏较大,距骨坏死风险相对高。距骨头血供丰富,缺血坏死可能性比较小。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SANTAVIRTA S,SEITSALO S,KIVILUOTO O,et al.Fractures of the talus[J].The Journal of Trauma,1984,24(11):986-989.

    • [2] SHAKKED R J,TEJWANI N C.Surgical treatment of talus fractures[J].The Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2013,44(4):521-528.

    • [3] CANALE S T,KELLY F B J.Fractures of the neck of the talus.Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1978,60(2):143-156.

    • [4] ELGAFY H,EBRAHEIM N A,TILE M,et al.Fractures of the talus:experience of two level 1 trauma centers[J].Foot & Ankle International,2000,21(12):1023-1029.

    • [5] HALIBURTON R A,SULLIVAN C R,KELLY P J,et al.The extra-osseous and intra-osseous blood supply of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1958,40-A(5):1115-1120.

    • [6] GELBERMAN R H,MORTENSEN W W.The arterial anatomy of the talus[J].Foot & Ankle,1983,4(2):64-72.

    • [7] MULFINGER G L,TRUETA J.The blood supply of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(British volume),1970,52(1):160-167.

    • [8] PHEMISTER D B.Changes in bones and joints resulting from interruption of circulation:I.general considerations and changes resulting from injuries[J].Archives of Surgery,1940,41(2):436-472.

    • [9] MCKEEVER F M.Fracture of the neck of the astragalus[J].Archives of Surgery,1943,46(5):720-735.

    • [10] WILDENAUER E.Die blutversorgung des talus[J].Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte,1950,115(1):32-36.

    • [11] FORTIN P T,BALAZSY J E.Talus fractures:evaluation and treatment[J].The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,2001,9(2):114-127.

    • [12] HAWKINS L G.Fractures of the neck of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1970,52(5):991-1002.

    • [13] METZGER M J,LEVIN J S,CLANCY J T.Talar neck fractures and rates of avascular necrosis[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,1999,38(2):154-162.

    • [14] SMITH P N,ZIRAN B H.Fractures of the talus[J].Operative techniques in orthopaedics,1999,9(3):229-238.

    • [15] JORDAN R K,BAFNA K R,LIU J,et al.Complications of talar neck fractures by hawkins classification:a systematic review[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Offi cial Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,2017,56(4):817-821.

    • [16] SNEPPEN O,CHRISTENSEN S B,KROGSOE O,et al.Fracture of the body of the talus[J].Acta OrthopaedicaScandinavica,1977,48(3):317-324.

    • [17] VALLIER H A,NORK S E,BENIRSCHKE S K,et al.Surgical treatment of talar body fractures[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),2003,85(9):1716-1724.

    • [18] EBRAHEIM N A,PATIL V,OWENS C,et al.Clinical outcome of fractures of the talar body[J].International Orthopaedics,2008,32(6):773-777.

    • [19] IBRAHIM M S,JORDAN R,LOTFI N,et al.Talar head fracture:a case report,systematic review and suggested algorithm of treatment[J].Foot(Edinburgh,Scotland),2015,25(4):258-264.

    • [20] HIGGINS T F,BAUMGAERTNER M R.Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the talus:a comprehensive review of the literature[J].Foot & Ankle International,1999,20(9):595-605.

    • [21] GILQUIST J,ORETOP N,STENSTRÖM A,et al.Late results after vertical fracture of the talus[J].Injury,1974,6(2):173-179.

    • [22] PAJENDA G,VÉCSEI V,REDDY B,et al.Treatment of talar neck fractures:clinical results of 50 patients[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,2000,39(6):365-375.

    • [23] VALLIER H A,NORK S E,BAREI D P,et al.Talar neck fractures:results and outcomes[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),2004,86(8):1616-1624.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SANTAVIRTA S,SEITSALO S,KIVILUOTO O,et al.Fractures of the talus[J].The Journal of Trauma,1984,24(11):986-989.

    • [2] SHAKKED R J,TEJWANI N C.Surgical treatment of talus fractures[J].The Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2013,44(4):521-528.

    • [3] CANALE S T,KELLY F B J.Fractures of the neck of the talus.Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1978,60(2):143-156.

    • [4] ELGAFY H,EBRAHEIM N A,TILE M,et al.Fractures of the talus:experience of two level 1 trauma centers[J].Foot & Ankle International,2000,21(12):1023-1029.

    • [5] HALIBURTON R A,SULLIVAN C R,KELLY P J,et al.The extra-osseous and intra-osseous blood supply of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1958,40-A(5):1115-1120.

    • [6] GELBERMAN R H,MORTENSEN W W.The arterial anatomy of the talus[J].Foot & Ankle,1983,4(2):64-72.

    • [7] MULFINGER G L,TRUETA J.The blood supply of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(British volume),1970,52(1):160-167.

    • [8] PHEMISTER D B.Changes in bones and joints resulting from interruption of circulation:I.general considerations and changes resulting from injuries[J].Archives of Surgery,1940,41(2):436-472.

    • [9] MCKEEVER F M.Fracture of the neck of the astragalus[J].Archives of Surgery,1943,46(5):720-735.

    • [10] WILDENAUER E.Die blutversorgung des talus[J].Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte,1950,115(1):32-36.

    • [11] FORTIN P T,BALAZSY J E.Talus fractures:evaluation and treatment[J].The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,2001,9(2):114-127.

    • [12] HAWKINS L G.Fractures of the neck of the talus[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),1970,52(5):991-1002.

    • [13] METZGER M J,LEVIN J S,CLANCY J T.Talar neck fractures and rates of avascular necrosis[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,1999,38(2):154-162.

    • [14] SMITH P N,ZIRAN B H.Fractures of the talus[J].Operative techniques in orthopaedics,1999,9(3):229-238.

    • [15] JORDAN R K,BAFNA K R,LIU J,et al.Complications of talar neck fractures by hawkins classification:a systematic review[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Offi cial Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,2017,56(4):817-821.

    • [16] SNEPPEN O,CHRISTENSEN S B,KROGSOE O,et al.Fracture of the body of the talus[J].Acta OrthopaedicaScandinavica,1977,48(3):317-324.

    • [17] VALLIER H A,NORK S E,BENIRSCHKE S K,et al.Surgical treatment of talar body fractures[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),2003,85(9):1716-1724.

    • [18] EBRAHEIM N A,PATIL V,OWENS C,et al.Clinical outcome of fractures of the talar body[J].International Orthopaedics,2008,32(6):773-777.

    • [19] IBRAHIM M S,JORDAN R,LOTFI N,et al.Talar head fracture:a case report,systematic review and suggested algorithm of treatment[J].Foot(Edinburgh,Scotland),2015,25(4):258-264.

    • [20] HIGGINS T F,BAUMGAERTNER M R.Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the talus:a comprehensive review of the literature[J].Foot & Ankle International,1999,20(9):595-605.

    • [21] GILQUIST J,ORETOP N,STENSTRÖM A,et al.Late results after vertical fracture of the talus[J].Injury,1974,6(2):173-179.

    • [22] PAJENDA G,VÉCSEI V,REDDY B,et al.Treatment of talar neck fractures:clinical results of 50 patients[J].The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery:Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons,2000,39(6):365-375.

    • [23] VALLIER H A,NORK S E,BAREI D P,et al.Talar neck fractures:results and outcomes[J].The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(American volume),2004,86(8):1616-1624.