微囊藻毒素与疾病

Microcystins and diseases

摘要:

微囊藻毒素 （MCs） 是由蓝藻等藻类产生的环状七肽毒素，因全球水体富营养化加剧而对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。MCs可通过饮用水、食物链、皮肤接触，及气溶胶吸入等途径进入人体，其毒性机制主要依赖于抑制蛋白磷酸酶PP1/PP2A活性，进而干扰细胞信号转导、诱导氧化应激和表观遗传紊乱。大量研究证实，MCs具有多器官毒性：在肝脏中可引发肝纤维化甚至肝癌；在神经系统中可能导致阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病样损伤；在胰腺中干扰胰岛素分泌，增加糖尿病风险；在肾脏中诱发炎症和纤维化；在生殖系统中损害精子质量及卵巢功能。此外，MCs与其他环境污染物的协同效应可能进一步放大其毒性。本文通过对MCs毒性机制的综述，希望进一步聚焦MCs的毒代动力学、复合暴露效应及在慢性疾病中的作用，为制定更严格的环境限值和公共卫生策略提供依据。

Abstract:

Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria and other algae; they pose severe threats to ecosystems and human health due to increasing global eutrophication. MCs can enter the human body through drinking water, the food chain, dermal contact, and aerosol inhalation. Their toxicity primarily arises from the inhibition of protein phosphatase PP1 / PP2A activity, leading to disrupted cellular signaling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic dysregulation. Extensive studies demonstrate that MCs exhibit multiorgan toxicity: in the liver, they can induce fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma; in the nervous system, they may cause Alzheimer's-and Parkinsonian-like damage; in the pancreas, they disrupt insulin secretion, increasing diabetes risk; in the kidneys, they trigger inflammation and fibrosis; and in the reproductive system, they impair sperm quality and ovarian function. Furthermore, synergistic effects between MCs and other environmental pollutants may amplify their toxicity. This article reviews the toxic mechanisms of MCs and highlights the need to focus on their toxicokinetics, co-exposure effects, and role in chronic diseases to inform stricter environmental regulations and public health strategies.