Abstract:The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer rank higher, which seriously threatens public health. Recently, the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors has brought bright light for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Based on the theoretical basis, it is speculated that NSCLC may benefit from neoadjuvant immunotherapy. With the development of various studies, it is demonstrated that neoadjuvant immu‐ notherapy for NSCLC is safe and feasible, and can contribute greatly to the exciting outcome of pathological re‐ sponse. However, current results do not contain long-term prognosis, distinguish potential beneficiaries, develop a rational therapeutic regimen and course, and so on. In this review, we will conclude the development processes, molecular mechanisms, current research status and treatment-related challenges of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for NSCLC.