Biomedical research involving human participants must adhere to the medical ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Authors are required to demonstrate that their research procedures comply with the ethical standards set forth by the relevant Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) and must provide approval documents from the committee (the approval number should be included in the manuscript), as well as informed consent forms from the subjects or their relatives. In principle, clinical trial research (including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, case reports, studies conducted on or with human specimens, and surveys in psychology, social medicine, etc.) should be registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (https://www.who.int/ictrp/en/) or the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn), and the clinical trial registration number should be included in the manuscript. All necessary precautions should be taken to protect the privacy of research subjects and to avoid the publication of identifiable text, data, or images that could be traced back to patients, with written informed consent required in exceptional cases.

For manuscripts involving animal experiments, authors should declare in the manuscript that the experiments complied with the ethical standards of the relevant animal ethics committee (including the approval number in the manuscript) and should provide the editorial department with the committee's approval documents.