Microparticles (Extracellular Vesicles) which involved widely in multiple biological processes have properties of diverse functions and complex components. Intercellular messages could be transmitted by microparticles (Extracellular Vesicles) in the biological processes such as vascular regulation, inflammation, coagulation, proliferation and apoptosis. Microparticles (extracellular vesicles) have important roles for the development of injury and impair that happened perioperatively and long-term prognosis in cardiovascular surgery. This review summarizes the research progress of microparticles (extracellular vesicles) in the field of cardiovascular surgery and their prospect for diagnostic and therapeutic clinical application.